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Tyler Perry's 'Ninja Turtles' Mad Scientist Was Inspired by Neil deGrasse Tyson

If you feel a twinge of familiarity while watching Tyler Perry ham it up as mad scientist Baxter Stockman in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, that’s because he may remind you of another very real scientist, Neil deGrasse Tyson.

Granted, Stockman is way off his rocker, which makes him a great villain for the Ninja Turtles and one of the reasons he’s appeared in everything from the comics to the animated series. And though Neil deGrasse Tyson is not a complete lunatic (we think), Perry tells Fandango that the famous scientist most certainly inspired him.

“He was a bit of my muse, I will tell you that much,” Perry reveals. “[Tyson] is nowhere near this insane, diabolical madman I was doing, but he was definitely my muse as far as the brilliance of the man.”

Watch Fandango’s Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows interviews below for more.

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Baxter Stockman briefly appears in the 2014 Ninja Turtles movie, but he’s given a much bigger role here, with Perry putting his all into the scientist’s wacky demeanor in a plot that sees him teaming with Shredder to open a portal so the villainous Kraang can come through and wreak havoc.

Let’s just hope the real-life deGrasse Tyson never joins forces with a supervillain cause the results may not be too favorable for mankind. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows hits theaters June 3.

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New Rules To Ban Payday Lending 'Debt Traps'

A payday lender ACE Cash Express is seen on San Mateo Boulevard in Albuquerque, N.M. High-interest lending practices are being targeted by new federal regulations.

A payday lender ACE Cash Express is seen on San Mateo Boulevard in Albuquerque, N.M. High-interest lending practices are being targeted by new federal regulations. Vik Jolly/AP hide caption

toggle caption Vik Jolly/AP

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau on Thursday is proposing new regulations to protect consumers from predatory lending practices that the CFPB’s top regulator calls “debt traps.”

Americans are being “set up to fail” by payday and auto-title lenders, Richard Cordray, the director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, tells NPR.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Director Richard Cordray, center, listens to comments during a field hearing on payday lending in Richmond, Va., in May.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Director Richard Cordray, center, listens to comments during a field hearing on payday lending in Richmond, Va., in May. Steve Helber/AP hide caption

toggle caption Steve Helber/AP

“The way these products are structured, it’s very difficult to repay the loan and therefore people end up borrowing again and again and paying far more in fees and interest than they borrowed in the first place,” Cordray says.

Under the proposed rule, so-called “payday,” “auto-title,” and other short-term lenders would be required to determine that people they loan money to can afford the payments and fees when they come due, and still meet basic living expenses and major financial obligations.

With interest rates of 300 percent and higher, these lenders have fallen under greater scrutiny at both the state and federal level. In March of last year, President Obama said he supported tougher regulations for payday lenders who profit by charging borrowers super-high interest rates. “If you’re making that profit by trapping hard-working Americans in a vicious cycle of debt, you’ve got to find a new business model,” the president said.

Payday Loans: A Helping Hand Or Predatory Quicksand?

Let’s say a low-wage worker’s car breaks down. She has to get to work and take her kids to school. But she has bad credit, no credit cards, and no way to pay for the car repair. A payday lender might in effect say, “No problem I’ll give you the money you need right now to get your car fixed, and you give me your bank account number and when you get paid in 2 weeks I’ll withdraw the money you owe me from your checking account.”

The industry says these loans are needed to help working Americans through a cash squeeze and that the new regulations are unwarranted. “The CFPB’s proposed rule presents a staggering blow to consumers as it will cut off access to credit for millions of Americans who use small-dollar loans to manage a budget shortfall or unexpected expense,” says Dennis Shaul, CEO of the payday lending industry group, the Community Financial Services Association.

But regulators say the problem is that the terms are so onerous that many borrowers can’t afford to pay the loans back and still have enough for their rent and other essentials. And so they end up taking out another loan, and then another loan after that, again and again for months or sometimes years sinking deeper into a quagmire.

Cordray says with these loans consumers think they are getting into a one-time loan but they get “trapped” by this cycle. He says it is like, “getting in a taxi just to drive across town and you find yourself in cross country journey that can be ruinously expensive.”

The CFPB studied the payday lending industry before crafting the proposed rule and found that 4 out of 5 of these single-payment loans are reborrowed within a month. In the case of auto-title loans where borrowers put their cars up as collateral, 1 in 5 borrowers end up having their car or truck seized by the lender for failure to repay.

Consumer Groups Applaud The Rule But Wary of Loopholes

Watchdog groups for decades have been critical of payday lenders. “The lesson from the last 20 years since this industry started is that it’s been remarkably effective at evading attempts at regulation and using a very high-powered lobbying machine to push for loopholes,” says Mike Calhoun, the president of the Center for Responsible Lending.

Calhoun says he supports the proposed rule from the CFPB, but he’s still concerned the industry will find a way to work around it.

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PGA Tour Leaving Trump's Doral Golf Course For Mexico City

Donald Trump says the PGA Tour is leaving Miami’s Doral golf course after 54 years and taking the tournament to a new site in Mexico City. The Tour began to distance itself from Trump last year after his comments about excluding Muslims from immigrating to the U.S.

Transcript

ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:

The PGA tour is moving a storied golf tournament out of Donald Trump’s Doral resort near Miami. Trump broke the news last night during an interview on Fox News.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

DONALD TRUMP: They’re moving it to Mexico. They’re moving it to Mexico City, which by the way, I hope they have kidnapping insurance.

SHAPIRO: Today PGA Tour Commissioner Tim Finchem confirmed the decision in a news conference carried on the Golf Channel. He said the move had nothing to do with Trump’s politics and everything to do with sponsorship issues.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

TIM FINCHEM: Some of the reaction revolves around the feeling that somehow this is a political exercise, and it is not that in any way, shape or form.

SHAPIRO: NPR’s Greg Allen joins us now from Miami. Hi, Greg.

GREG ALLEN, BYLINE: Hi, Ari.

SHAPIRO: Earlier the PGA Tour had explicitly distanced itself from Trump because of some of his political comments. Commissioner Finchem seems to be saying that has nothing to do with today’s decision.

ALLEN: That’s right. That’s exactly kind of – that’s the point he made today. But we – you, like me, probably remember in December when the Tour released a statement. This was after Donald Trump called for a ban on Muslims entering the U.S. And the PGA Tour sent out a statement saying that his comments were, quote, “inconsistent with our strong commitment to an inclusive and welcoming environment,” reading from that statement.

But today the PGA Tour commissioner said the only reason for moving the tournament was that after more than 50 years, the Doral Tournament wasn’t able to find a sponsor. Cadillac last year told Doral it was pulling out, and that was before Trump’s comments.

But after months of looking, the head of the tournament told the Miami Herald that Doral was simply unable to line up a new sponsor. The PGA’s tour with Doral allowed them to move the tournament if they couldn’t get a sponsor, and so today, Finchem said they’re moving it to Mexico City.

SHAPIRO: Which is ironic given that Trump has promised to build a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border.

ALLEN: Right, and the PGA Tour Commissioner did not respond to that irony today. He said that the tour was working to broaden its appeal to people in Central America and South America, and that’s reason for the move there. And of course, that’s also where they found a sponsor – Grupos Salinas, which is a Mexican business conglomerate. They stepped forward to sponsor the tournament. And of course, since they’re from Mexico, I think they wanted to base it down there.

But Commissioner Finchem said the PGA Tour likes working with Donald Trump and hopes to return to Doral at some point. They already have one event in Mexico at a beach resort near Cancun, so now this’ll be a second one. The Golf Channel’s reporting that the new event is going to be at the Chapultepec golf course just outside Mexico City. But Commissioner Finchem today said no final decision has been made on that.

SHAPIRO: Talk about the impact of this on Trump. We heard him saying he hopes that they have kidnapping insurance, and he has a lot of money invested in Doral.

ALLEN: Well, it is a big deal certainly when a course gets dropped from the PGA Tour after more than 50 years. I think it’s 54 years, in this case. Trump bought the Doral resort just four years ago, and he got a lot of praise at the time for his renovations. Even today Commissioner Finchem talked about that. He spent some $250 million to re-do the golf courses.

But today Donald Trump released a statement calling it a sad day for Miami, the United States and the game of golf. He compared what the PGA Tour had done to American companies like Carrier and Nabisco, who he sometimes mentions in his speeches, who have moved jobs to Mexico. He says that the PGA Tour has put profits ahead of thousands of American jobs.

So he definitely sounds disappointed. But also in the past, he said that if the tour left he would make even more money at Doral because it would make more rooms available during the peak of the season.

SHAPIRO: That’s NPR’s Greg Allen on news that the PGA Tournament is leaving Trump’s Doral golf course in Miami for Mexico. Thanks, Greg.

ALLEN: You’re welcome.

Copyright © 2016 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.

NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.

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A Med Student Decides To Be Upfront About Her Mental Issues

Giselle is pursuing a career in family medicine at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. For her, hiding her problems with anxiety and depression was not an option.

Giselle is pursuing a career in family medicine at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. For her, hiding her problems with anxiety and depression was not an option. Amanda Aronczyk/WNYC hide caption

toggle caption Amanda Aronczyk/WNYC

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At first Giselle wasn’t sure what to put on her medical school application. She wanted to be a doctor, but she also wanted people to know about her own health: years of depression, anxiety and a suicide attempt. (We’re using only her first name in this story, out of concern for her future career.)

“A lot of people were like, you don’t say that at all,” she said. “Do not mention that you have any kind of weakness.”

Giselle remembers having her first intense suicidal thoughts when she was 10 years old. Her parents had split up and she had moved from the coast of Colombia to Chicago. She started having extreme mood swings and fighting with her mom.

And then, when she was 16 years old, she tried to kill herself. “Yeah, lots of pills.”

After her suicide attempt she began therapy and eventually started taking antidepressants. That worked extremely well. After finishing high school, she took an unconventional route. She went to Brazil to work with a women’s community health group, worked as a research assistant for a doctor, and trained as a doula to assist women in labor. It was while working as a doula and witnessing what she saw as insensitive behavior from a doctor that she resolved her own career indecision: She would become a different kind of doctor.

When she applied to medical school, she told them this whole story in her application. In the fall of 2014, she started at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.

Giselle picked Wisconsin in part because it offered unlimited free counseling for medical students. And her mentor, Dr. Christopher Hildebrand, says she has always been transparent about her struggles.

“She allowed me into her life right away,” he says.

But medical school hasn’t been easy for Giselle. She felt overwhelmed and failed an exam in her first few weeks. In her second semester she had a panic attack during a test. The school let her retake the tests, and she did well.

But then Giselle was called to committee, kind of a jury of medical school staff who intervene when a student is struggling with their work. She said there was a box of tissues and a room full of people in a semicircle.

The head of the committee asked Giselle if she could handle her issues and if she was cut out for the stressful life of a doctor.

“I walked away from that and I was just so furious, like I felt so hurt,” she says. Ultimately, the committee was pleased with her improvement on the test scores, and she was not put on academic probation. The school agreed to allow Giselle to do her second-year coursework over two years.

A posting on a bulletin board outside the counseling offices at the University of Wisconsin invites people to participate in a study on depression and insomnia.

A posting on a bulletin board outside the counseling offices at the University of Wisconsin invites people to participate in a study on depression and insomnia. Amanda Aronczyk/WNYC hide caption

toggle caption Amanda Aronczyk/WNYC

Medical schools struggle with finding the balance when it comes to mental health. Anxiety and stress are common. So when is it a health problem? But Giselle’s mentor Hildebrand says she never uses her mental health as an excuse. In fact, he says, going through what she has struggled with could make her a better doctor in the long run.

“We need Giselles in medicine,” he says. “We need people who are unafraid to have the insight to talk about not only their own struggles in life, but how that relates to others.”

Medical training often involves numerous risk factors for mental illness, including lack of sleep, isolation and a lack of a support system. Physicians are at more risk for suicide than the general population. But despite this, mental health among medical students, interns and physicians often doesn’t get the attention it deserves.

The University of Wisconsin medical school is trying to help students like Giselle with therapists and tutors. And Giselle uses those services. She is also adamant about being open about her mental health issues. One time she posted about it on Facebook:

“Dealing with academic administration is an awful part of med school. It’s a medieval-like process of judgment and punishment to ask for help or find yourself struggling with all the exams,” she wrote.

The school questioned whether her post was a good idea, Giselle says, but she thinks it helped other students open up about their own struggles.

“And I kind of just stumbled upon this role of being like, the person that speaks on behalf of the anxious and depressed.”

WNYC and NPR recently asked listeners: Have you ever had a hard time talking openly about your mental health? We’ll be posting some of these responses on Facebook throughout the series.

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For more on WNYC’s Only Human podcast series on mental health, check here. You can stay in touch with @OnlyHuman on Twitter and @Only Human on Facebook.

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Today in Movie Culture: R-Rated 'X-Men: Apocalypse,' Steven Spielberg's Harvard Commencement Speech and More

Here are a bunch of little bites to satisfy your hunger for movie culture:

Redone Trailer of the Day:

Given Deadpool‘s success, Wired reimagined an R-rated version of X-Men: Apocalypse and made this Red Band trailer (via Geek Tyrant):

[embedded content]

Fan Build of the Day:

Speaking of X-Men: Apocalypse, learn how to make your own version of Psylocke’s psionic sword from the Hacksmith (via Design Taxi):

[embedded content]

Vintage Image of the Day:

Clint Eastwood, who turns 86 today, in his first film role as a laboratory assistant in Revenge of the Creature in 1954:

Meme of the Day:

The twitter feed @oscardances is swapping the music from the dance scene in Ex Machina to make Oscar Isaac and Sonoya Mizuno shake it to all kinds of other tunes, including the appropriate theme to Ghostbusters seen below (via Indiewire).

ghostbusters – ray parker jr. pic.twitter.com/iDNHWfzMEQ

— oscar dances (@oscardances) May 28, 2016

Fan Art of the Day:

This comic showing a parallel between events in Return of the Jedi and Star Wars: The Force Awakens will make you think of both scenes differently (via Geek Tyrant):

Commencement Speech of the Day:

Watch Steven Spielberg’s commencement to the Harvard class of 2016:

[embedded content]

Supercut of the Day:

Along with compiling the canonical list of greatest films by black directors, Slate made an accompanying supercut:

Fake Poster of the Day:

Some fans want Idris Elba to be the new James Bond, others want Tom Hiddleston, and this fake movie offers a compromise (via Red Scharlach):

Movie Celebration of the Day:

A fan of The World’s End cut a split-screen video to show all the foreshadowing lined up with what it foreshadows (via Edgar Wright):

[embedded content]

Classic Trailer of the Day:

Today is the 20th anniversary of Dragonheart. Watch the original trailer, starring a CG dragon with the voice of Sean Connery, below.

[embedded content]

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As Olympics Near, Violence Grips Rio's 'Pacified' Favelas

A man performs yoga in the Babilonia favela overlooking Rio de Janeiro in 2014. The Brazilian government made a big push to impose order on the shantytowns in advance of the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics this summer. Babilonia was once considered a model, but violence has been on the rise in the run-up to the games.

A man performs yoga in the Babilonia favela overlooking Rio de Janeiro in 2014. The Brazilian government made a big push to impose order on the shantytowns in advance of the World Cup in 2014 and the Olympics this summer. Babilonia was once considered a model, but violence has been on the rise in the run-up to the games. Mario Tama/Getty Images hide caption

toggle caption Mario Tama/Getty Images

In the misty rain, surrounded by Rio de Janeiro’s green hills, police officer Eduardo Dias was buried last week. He was shot, purportedly by gang members, as he was leaving his post inside the favela, or shantytown, where he worked as a community cop.

The killing took place a few hundred feet from the Maracana Stadium, where the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympics will be held on Aug. 5. As family members wept by the graveside, the pastor raised his hands.

“This rain is like our tears,” he said. “Not just ours, but coming also from the heavens for everything that we are going through. I have been asking God, until when, my Lord? Until when are we going to have to bury our good policemen? Until when will we have to keep burying our children?”

Brazil has been rattled by a terrible recession, multiple corruption scandals, a political meltdown and the Zika virus. And now Rio is suffering a security crisis.

Murders are up 15 percent from last year. Robbery is up 30 percent. Amid the economic and political turmoil, the state security budget has been cut by a third. The gangs are fighting for territory in advance of the Olympics, according to authorities.

While everyone is feeling the effects, the impact is greatest on Rio’s poorest communities, the favelas.

‘Disneyland’ Favela

To get a sense of how far things have slipped, I went back to Babilonia, a community I visited when I first arrived to Rio three years ago.

Babilonia, like many of Rio’s favelas, is located on a hillside with an amazing view of the water and the famed Copacabana beach. Babilonia became known as one of the so-called Disneyland favelas because they were shown to visiting dignitaries and the media as an example of how conditions had improved.

In the new and improved Babilonia, police walked around with their guns holstered. Residents were opening up businesses catering to tourists. They included restaurants, and hostels that were advertised on Airbnb. The drug gangs kept a low profile.

All this was part of a bold policing program called pacification, which placed permanent bases of community police, known as UPPs, in neighborhoods that had little or no state presence previously. Residents considered them long overdue and the state considered them necessary as Brazil prepared to host the World Cup in 2014 and this summer’s Olympics.

But unlike three years ago, the pacification police are now patrolling with their guns drawn. Police commander Paulo Berbat walks to the crest of the hill, where muddy paths disappear into the jungle.

He says six weeks ago, a rival gang from the neighboring favela tried to push in and take control from the group that controls the drugs and guns in Babilonia. Three drug dealers were killed in a firefight that sent fear through the community.

Too Scared To Speak

Rodrigo da Silva agreed to meet with me on the beach where he works. He owns a hostel in the favela that he advertises on Airbnb, but he also sells food on Copacabana to make ends meet.

He hoped the Summer Olympics would get him out of the hot sun. But so far, there have been few guests at his hostel. “Our business has decreased,” he says. “We had much higher expectations in terms of hosting people throughout the Olympics. If the situation had improved, maybe I wouldn’t still have to work here on the beach.”

Other members of the community had similar stories about a sharp drop in business due to the violence.

Aside from da Silva, favela residents refused to be interviewed, in marked contrast to three years ago. Several told me they had been directly threatened by the gangs, who said we were asking too many questions.

“If you talk too much, it ends badly,” da Silva says. “Here’s the deal: You do not mess with their business, don’t mess with their stuff — and they don’t mess with you.”

Olympic officials are promising the games will be safe for visitors and athletes. Brazil will be bringing in double the amount of security that the London Games had four years ago.

“What we need to push, and we will do so, is to have more security before the games, and more security after the games. We don’t want the games to be an island of success and perfection. We want the games to transform Rio, and to make Rio a safer city in the years to come,” says Mario Andrada, the communications director for Rio 2016.

But even if the Olympics go according to plan, the future of the pacification program is in doubt. Da Silva tells me he fears the worst.

“There will be more violence, more violence in all the communities because of the fights between the drug gangs, fights against the police,” he says. “In the end the ones who will pay for this will be the residents, as always.”

NPR has been collaborating with the the PBS NewsHour, which will also feature reporting by Lulu Garcia-Navarro on its program Tuesday evening.

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Doctor Outlines Plan To Battle Antibiotic Resistance In 'The Washington Post'

NPR’s Ari Shapiro talks with Ezekiel Emanuel, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and chair of the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania, about his opinion piece in the Washington Post that argues the cheap price of antibiotics has led to their overuse and has also discouraged drug companies from developing new antibiotics.

Transcript

ARI SHAPIRO: Unless we shift course, superbugs will become a fact of life. That line come from Zeke Emanuel, chair of the Department of Medical Ethics And Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania. In The Washington Post, he lays out a four-pronged approach to avoid what he calls this nightmare scenario. Part of his argument is that antibiotics right now are too cheap, and he joins us to discuss the problem. Welcome to the program.

ZEKE EMANUEL: Nice to be here with you.

SHAPIRO: So there was news last week that a woman in Pennsylvania had a bacteria that was resistant to what’s known as an antibiotic of last resort, and that’s hit off this latest wave of concern about superbugs. Explain why you believe the price of antibiotics is partly to blame.

EMANUEL: Well, you know, the course of new, quote, unquote, “expensive antibiotics” might be $4,500 or $5,000. But a course of course of chemotherapy drug for cancer or a drug to fight multiple sclerosis can be $75,000, $100,000, $150,000 for a year of treatment.

And if you’re a drug company thinking about, where do I invest in terms of research and development – do I develop a $5,000, or do I developed $150,000 drug – you’re almost naturally going to go to the $150,000 drug. And so I think that’s a, you know – a major, major reason that we only have 37 antibiotics now in clinical development.

SHAPIRO: Could raising the prices of antibiotics have negative consequences as well?

EMANUEL: Well, of course. It’s going to happen (laughter). Everything has a positive and negative consequence. The negative consequence is it’s more expensive to treat these infections. Some people might not get them because the drugs are too expensive, although that’s pretty unlikely in the United States.

But I think in general, we have to shift the incentive structure for researchers and drug companies. Otherwise we’re just not going to have enough development.

SHAPIRO: Now, you’ve proposed that governments offer a $2 billion prize to drug companies for developing new antibiotics. Is this something that had been tried with other drugs before? Are prizes an effective motivator?

EMANUEL: I don’t know that they’ve been tried with any other drugs before. But we know in the past that prizes have worked. Napoleon offered a prize for someone who could preserve food for his army, and he got a guy who figured out how to sterilize food in a bottle and then a tin can. There was a prize by the British government to figure out naval navigation to go across the ocean. And Netflix offered a prize – actually, a very modest prize (laughter) – for figuring out people’s movie preferences.

So prizes have worked and have stimulated a lot of people to think about solutions. And from the perspective of the health system just in America – forget the rest of the world – we spend $20 billion on treating people with antibiotic-resistant infections.

So this is a small fraction of that, and it’s absolutely vital because if we have bacteria that we can’t treat, there are going to be a lot of people dying for lack of antibiotics. And that is not a scenario we can put up with.

SHAPIRO: So as you say, the numbers of antibiotics being developed are far lower than the numbers of, for example, cancer drugs being developed. And you also say that doctors over prescribe these drugs. Explain what’s going on.

EMANUEL: Yeah. We know from reports of antibiotic prescribing practices in hospitals that 20 to 50 percent of the antibiotics that are prescribed are either inappropriate for the actual organism or absolutely unnecessary to treat it.

And we know that produces side effects like C. difficile and other infection and that in the outpatient setting, in the physician’s office, about a third of the antibiotics are inappropriate or unnecessary because they’re treating viral infections, or they’re treating self-limited infections. That breeds a lot of resistance in the bacteria in the community, and that is a huge problem.

SHAPIRO: One thing you don’t mention in this piece is the role of patients. Is there something that patients should be doing differently in this problem?

EMANUEL: So there are two main things patients should be doing differently. One – don’t demand antibiotics for sore throats, runny noses, ear infections and put your doctor in the unfortunate circumstance of satisfying your demand and violating what he or she thinks is an appropriate care.

And the second is, when you do get a prescription for antibiotics, we know that a lot of patients do not complete the course of antibiotics. Instead of taking the full 10 days of an antibiotic, you take three or four. You’re feeling better. You stop. Well, then you’ve just bred some resistant organisms that are then going to proliferate, and the antibiotics that we have will not be as effective. And that is also a very big problem out there.

SHAPIRO: Doctor Zeke Emanuel is chair of the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania, and he’s also a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. Thanks for joining us.

EMANUEL: Thank you for having me and talking about superbugs and antibiotics.

Copyright © 2016 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.

NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.

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Doctor Outlines Plan To Battle Antibiotic Resistance In 'The Washington Post'

NPR’s Ari Shapiro talks with Ezekiel Emanuel, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress and chair of the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania, about his opinion piece in the Washington Post that argues the cheap price of antibiotics has led to their overuse and has also discouraged drug companies from developing new antibiotics.

Transcript

ARI SHAPIRO: Unless we shift course, superbugs will become a fact of life. That line come from Zeke Emanuel, chair of the Department of Medical Ethics And Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania. In The Washington Post, he lays out a four-pronged approach to avoid what he calls this nightmare scenario. Part of his argument is that antibiotics right now are too cheap, and he joins us to discuss the problem. Welcome to the program.

ZEKE EMANUEL: Nice to be here with you.

SHAPIRO: So there was news last week that a woman in Pennsylvania had a bacteria that was resistant to what’s known as an antibiotic of last resort, and that’s hit off this latest wave of concern about superbugs. Explain why you believe the price of antibiotics is partly to blame.

EMANUEL: Well, you know, the course of new, quote, unquote, “expensive antibiotics” might be $4,500 or $5,000. But a course of course of chemotherapy drug for cancer or a drug to fight multiple sclerosis can be $75,000, $100,000, $150,000 for a year of treatment.

And if you’re a drug company thinking about, where do I invest in terms of research and development – do I develop a $5,000, or do I developed $150,000 drug – you’re almost naturally going to go to the $150,000 drug. And so I think that’s a, you know – a major, major reason that we only have 37 antibiotics now in clinical development.

SHAPIRO: Could raising the prices of antibiotics have negative consequences as well?

EMANUEL: Well, of course. It’s going to happen (laughter). Everything has a positive and negative consequence. The negative consequence is it’s more expensive to treat these infections. Some people might not get them because the drugs are too expensive, although that’s pretty unlikely in the United States.

But I think in general, we have to shift the incentive structure for researchers and drug companies. Otherwise we’re just not going to have enough development.

SHAPIRO: Now, you’ve proposed that governments offer a $2 billion prize to drug companies for developing new antibiotics. Is this something that had been tried with other drugs before? Are prizes an effective motivator?

EMANUEL: I don’t know that they’ve been tried with any other drugs before. But we know in the past that prizes have worked. Napoleon offered a prize for someone who could preserve food for his army, and he got a guy who figured out how to sterilize food in a bottle and then a tin can. There was a prize by the British government to figure out naval navigation to go across the ocean. And Netflix offered a prize – actually, a very modest prize (laughter) – for figuring out people’s movie preferences.

So prizes have worked and have stimulated a lot of people to think about solutions. And from the perspective of the health system just in America – forget the rest of the world – we spend $20 billion on treating people with antibiotic-resistant infections.

So this is a small fraction of that, and it’s absolutely vital because if we have bacteria that we can’t treat, there are going to be a lot of people dying for lack of antibiotics. And that is not a scenario we can put up with.

SHAPIRO: So as you say, the numbers of antibiotics being developed are far lower than the numbers of, for example, cancer drugs being developed. And you also say that doctors over prescribe these drugs. Explain what’s going on.

EMANUEL: Yeah. We know from reports of antibiotic prescribing practices in hospitals that 20 to 50 percent of the antibiotics that are prescribed are either inappropriate for the actual organism or absolutely unnecessary to treat it.

And we know that produces side effects like C. difficile and other infection and that in the outpatient setting, in the physician’s office, about a third of the antibiotics are inappropriate or unnecessary because they’re treating viral infections, or they’re treating self-limited infections. That breeds a lot of resistance in the bacteria in the community, and that is a huge problem.

SHAPIRO: One thing you don’t mention in this piece is the role of patients. Is there something that patients should be doing differently in this problem?

EMANUEL: So there are two main things patients should be doing differently. One – don’t demand antibiotics for sore throats, runny noses, ear infections and put your doctor in the unfortunate circumstance of satisfying your demand and violating what he or she thinks is an appropriate care.

And the second is, when you do get a prescription for antibiotics, we know that a lot of patients do not complete the course of antibiotics. Instead of taking the full 10 days of an antibiotic, you take three or four. You’re feeling better. You stop. Well, then you’ve just bred some resistant organisms that are then going to proliferate, and the antibiotics that we have will not be as effective. And that is also a very big problem out there.

SHAPIRO: Doctor Zeke Emanuel is chair of the Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy at the University of Pennsylvania, and he’s also a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress. Thanks for joining us.

EMANUEL: Thank you for having me and talking about superbugs and antibiotics.

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Golden State To Face Cleveland In A Rematch Of The NBA Finals

Golden State Warriors guard Stephen Curry poses next to the Western Conference finals trophy after the Warriors beat the Oklahoma City Thunder in Game 7 of the conference finals Monday night in Oakland. The Warriors won 96-88.

Golden State Warriors guard Stephen Curry poses next to the Western Conference finals trophy after the Warriors beat the Oklahoma City Thunder in Game 7 of the conference finals Monday night in Oakland. The Warriors won 96-88. Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP hide caption

toggle caption Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP

Stephen Curry knocked down yet another 3-pointer in the waning moments, pulled his jersey up into his mouth and yelled to the rafters in triumph once more.

A special, record-setting season saved for the defending champs, with a memorable comeback added to the long list of accomplishments.

Splash Brothers Curry and Klay Thompson carried the 73-win Warriors right back to the NBA Finals, as Golden State rallied from a 3-1 series deficit to beat the Oklahoma City Thunder 96-88 on Monday night in Game 7 of the Western Conference finals.

Now, Curry and Co. are playing for another NBA title – just as they planned since Day 1 of training camp in September.

Bring on LeBron James again.

“You appreciate how tough it is to get back here,” Curry said. “You’ve got to be appreciative of this accomplishment, and look forward to getting four more wins.”

The MVP scored 36 points with seven 3-pointers to finish with an NBA-record 32 in a seven-game series, and also had eight assists. Thompson added 21 points and six 3s, two days after his record 11 3-pointers led a Game 6 comeback that sent the series home to raucous Oracle Arena for one more.

The Warriors became the 10th team to rally from a 3-1 deficit and win a postseason series. They return to the NBA Finals for a rematch with James and the Cleveland Cavaliers, who lost the 2015 title in six games as Golden State captured its first championship in 40 years.

Game 1 is Thursday night in Oakland.

“We survived by the skin of our teeth,” coach Steve Kerr said. “We were able to pull it out, and we’re moving on.”

His signature mouthpiece dangling out and the game ball cradled in his left hand, Curry pumped his right arm as yellow confetti fell through Oracle Arena once the final buzzer sounded.

With the Thunder trailing 90-86, Serge Ibaka fouled Curry on a 3-point try with 1:18 to go and the shot clock running out. Curry made all three free throws, then that 3-pointer to seal it.

“This is who he is. Having a clutch performance in a Game 7, that’s Steph Curry,” Kerr said.

And Golden State’s beloved “Strength In Numbers” catchphrase coined by Coach of the Year Kerr was needed in every way.

“No one ever had any doubt that we could get this done,” Draymond Green said. “People have seen teams down 3-1 before but they ain’t seen many. They’ve definitely never seen a 73-win team down 3-1.”

Andre Iguodala joined the starting lineup for just the second time all season and the 2015 NBA Finals MVP hung tough against Kevin Durant, who scored 27 points on 10-for-19 shooting. Shaun Livingston’s breakaway, one-handed dunk late in the third provided a big lift off the Warriors bench.

Oklahoma City won Game 1 108-102 at deafening Oracle Arena, so Golden State never envisioned this one coming easily. Russell Westbrook had 19 points, 13 assists and seven rebounds for the Thunder.

“It hurts losing, especially being up 3 games to 1,” Durant said.

It took a quarter and a half for Thompson to warm up after his 41-point performance in a 108-101 win Saturday at Oklahoma City that sent the series back to the East Bay.

He missed his initial seven shots before hitting a 3 6:02 before halftime, energizing the Warriors in their first Game 7 at home in 40 years.

Back-to-back 3-pointers by Thompson and Iguodala pulled the Warriors within 54-51 with 7:57 left in the third. They tied it on Curry’s 3 at 7:21 and he followed with another 3 to give his team the lead.

Curry and Thompson each topped the previous record for 3s in a seven-game series, 28 by Dennis Scott and Ray Allen. Curry hit one over 7-foot Steven Adams in the third, and Thompson wound up with 30 3s.

Iguodala replaced Harrison Barnes in the starting lineup and what a move by Kerr, who did the same thing last year in crunch time. Iguodala made a pretty bounce pass through the paint to Green for Golden State’s first basket, and his smothering defense on Durant kept the Thunder star without a shot until his 3 at the 5:45 mark in the first. Durant had just nine points on five shots in the first half.

But Oklahoma City dictated the tempo with snappy passes and the hard, aggressive rebounding that had been such a part of its success this season. The Thunder couldn’t sustain it.

“They won a world championship last year, and they’ve broken an NBA record, and people are already talking about it before the playoffs started, this may be the greatest team to ever lace them up in the history of the NBA,” Thunder coach Billy Donovan said.

The Warriors, who fell behind 35-22, lost their last Game 7 at home: 94-86 to Phoenix in the Western Conference finals on May 16, 1976.

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Food Lion Co-Founder Dies; Chain Was Rocked By ABC News Report

The man who helped turn $50 investments in a North Carolina grocery store into the Food Lion chain with more than 1,100 stores across the Southeast has died.

Ralph Ketner, 95, died Sunday, according to a news release from the grocery store chain. No cause of death was given by Food Lion officials or the funeral home handling his arrangements.

Ketner successfully gambled that bigger sales by lowering prices to where profit margins were razor thin were the best path to success.

In 1957, he opened the Food Town grocery store in Salisbury, N.C., with two friends, calling people in the phone book and asking for $50 or $100 investments.

About 125 people gave him money, and that one store grew into the Food Lion chain with stores across the Southeast. With stock splits over the years, an investor who bought $28 in stock originally ended up with $1 million, according to Food Lion.

“He had a profound and lasting impact on the entire grocery industry and he has left a tremendous legacy not only at Food Lion, but through his philanthropy and kindness in the Salisbury community as a whole. Forever a welcome and vital part of our family, even at 95 years old, Mr. Ketner still attended several Food Lion events. Our associates adored and respected him and we will miss him dearly,” the company said in its statement.

Ketner remained loyal to Food Lion even after the grocery store was rocked by a 1992 hidden camera report by ABC News that showed employees selling spoiled meat.

Two producers got jobs with the grocery chain without revealing they were reporters. Food Lion sued and was awarded more than $5 million after a jury found the network liable for fraud. An appeals court lowered the verdict to $2, but still found ABC was liable for trespassing because the employees taped other workers without their knowledge.

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