A motorist who found an Atlanta gas station had run out of fuel calls a nearby gas station Monday to see if they have any left. Gas prices spiked and drivers found “out of service” bags covering pumps as the gas shortage in the South rolled into the work week, raising fears that the disruptions could become more widespread. David Goldman/APhide caption
toggle captionDavid Goldman/AP
After a 330,000-gallon spill shut down a gasoline pipeline in Alabama Sept. 9, fuel shortages and high gas prices are occurring across the southern United States this week, NPR member stations report.
Emily Siner of Nashville’s WPLN tells NPR’s Newscast that prices there have risen about 20 cents per gallon since Thursday, and officials are urging drivers not to fill up unless they need to.
“The closure is already affecting some stations in the state. An employee at a Shell station in Columbia told WPLN that it was out of gas for about two hours Friday morning until a new shipment came in.”
Siner interviewed Nashville driver Brett Kern — who happens to be a Tennessee Titans football player — who told her he was almost on empty when he finally found gas at a station off I-65.
“I was 0 for 6 on Saturday, 0 for 3 yesterday, and then I called about four stations this morning,” Kern said. “This was the first one that had it.”
Patrick DeHaan, a senior analyst at GasBuddy.com, told Siner that Tennessee can get gas from the Midwest or a Memphis refinery, but supplies are harder to come by in other states, including Georgia.
WABE’s John Lorinc reports that gas prices are up 30 cents in the past week to $2.47 a gallon, and that stations are struggling to keep up with demand. A local motorist described a shuttered gas station.
“‘Lights are completely dark, there’s no one there. There’s signs on the pump. Yeah. I was like, I didn’t know it was this bad,’ said Kimberly Williams, a resident of Atlanta.”
Georgia Gov. Nathan Deal has declared a state of emergency, Lorinc reports, allowing gas truck drivers to work longer-than-normal hours.
Colonial Pipeline Company tells the Associated Press that it’s aiming to have a temporary bypass running around the leak by the end of the week. In a statement the company said supplies from a second pipeline “have been delivered and/or are in route to terminal locations in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, South Carolina, and North Carolina.”
Some lucky breaks meant that the fuel spill was well-contained and didn’t make it into nearby waterways, the AP reports.
“From an ecological standpoint, the spill couldn’t have happened at a better place or time because the terrain funneled the fuel into [a nearby retention] pond and the water was low enough in the small lake to enable it to hold the gas, said [environmentalist David] Butler, of Cahaba Riverkeeper.”
“This is it, we’ve built this great thing and we’ve totally messed it up.” — Mike Krieger, co-founder of Instagram, about the night the company launched. Andrew Holder for NPRhide caption
toggle captionAndrew Holder for NPR
Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger launched their photo-sharing app with a server that crashed every other hour. Despite a chaotic start, Instagram became one of the most popular apps in the world.
The U.N. General Assembly will devote an entire day to the issue of superbugs and antibiotic resistance. Dr. Keiji Fukuda leads the WHO’s work on the issue.
MICHEL MARTIN, HOST:
Now it’s time for our regular segment Words You’ll Hear. That’s where we take a word that we think will be in the news next week and break it down. The word this week is superbug. And this is not a new Marvel action movie. We are talking about antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Next week, the topic will take up a whole day at the United Nations General Assembly meeting in New York City. It’s only the fourth time in history that the General Assembly has gathered to talk about a health crisis. Dr. Keiji Fukuda is the World Health Organization’s special representative for anti-microbial resistance and he is with us now from our bureau in New York City. Dr. Fukuda, thank you so much for joining us.
KEIJI FUKUDA: Thank you for hosting me.
MARTIN: The issue of superbugs has been in and out of the news over the past decade. To my mind, at least, there have been pretty dire warnings from the Centers for Disease Control and from the World Health Organization. There have been alarming examples of patients dying of infections that should be easily treatable. Why is the United Nations bringing this up now?
FUKUDA: Well, you know, we see it everywhere. And everywhere that we’ve looked, we feel that the levels of these untreatable or difficult to treat infections are high. That means we’re going to see a lot of people die in the future. It means that we’re going to have difficulty taking care of people who need surgery, who are going to have conditions like diabetes or cancer because they’re all more susceptible to infections. It’s going to cost huge amounts of money, enough money to really set back the global economies.
And, also, we depend on these antibiotics to have sustainable food. It’s clear that if we don’t begin to reverse it now, it’s going to be much harder in the future. And this is why we are having this meeting at the General Assembly.
MARTIN: Two weeks ago, the FDA banned the sale of antibacterial soaps here in the U.S. Is that the sort of action plan you’re hoping to see more countries take?
FUKUDA: You know, dealing with soaps and chemicals is one level of action, but we need something much broader than that. What we want to see is that the high level people attending the meetings – and this is basically heads of state – really recognize that we have a large global issue, something on the order of the emergence of HIV or climate change and that they are committed to addressing this.
MARTIN: Could you just give me a couple of more examples of the kinds of things that you’d like to see world leaders take on?
FUKUDA: Sure. The most fundamental issue is that we’re simply overusing, sometimes misusing antibiotics and anti-microbial drugs. In order to reverse that, we’re going to have to take different kinds of actions, legislation in some countries. We’re going to need to have access to better quality medicines inside of countries to begin to turn this around.
MARTIN: To be blunt, though, doctor, is this primarily a problem of the wealthier countries? Because I think it’s going to be hard for people to see how in some parts of the world, you know, people don’t even have anesthesia, you know? Is this primarily a problem created by the wealthier countries with access to these drugs, overusing them?
FUKUDA: No. In fact, you know, if – the countries that are going to get hurt the worst are the poorer, developing countries. We’re talking about infections which are everyday infections, you know – urinary tract infections, blood infections, skin infections. This is developing in everybody’s community. It is very much a developing country issue as it is a developed country issue. Here, I think that that distinction just falls apart.
MARTIN: During your time with the WHO, you’ve seen some dangerous outbreaks from SARS, the H1N1 flu pandemic, the Ebola outbreak of 2014. Now, those are all illnesses that have inspired various degrees of immediate action, mainly because of fear. I mean, let’s be honest. But with a slowly mutating bacteria, do you think the public takes this threat seriously?
FUKUDA: I think that many people don’t even know that this is an issue, but it’s been projected that this is going to kill more people than cancer kills right now by 2050, on the order of about 10 million people per year than it puts in, you know, very stark terms what we’re dealing with.
MARTIN: That’s Dr. Keiji Fukuda. He’s the WHO special representative for anti-microbial resistance. Dr. Fukuda, thank you so much for speaking with us.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
The Paralympics wrap up on Sunday. NPR’s Rachel Martin speaks with blind athlete Dartanyon Crockett who won a bronze medal in Rio in Judo.
RACHEL MARTIN, HOST:
The Paralympics wrap up today. We’ve been following one young athlete. His name is Dartanyon Crockett. He’s a blind wrestler who switched sports to judo for the Paralympics. We interviewed him before he went to Rio. Dartanyon is now back in the States with a bronze medal around his neck. He won his first bronze in the 2012 London Games. We caught up with him via Skype.
DARTANYON CROCKETT: Being a two-time medalist – one, being a medalist is incredible in itself, but being able to do it twice back-to-back is amazing.
MARTIN: Dartanyon said this medal is even more meaningful than his first because of who he had to beat to win it.
CROCKETT: It was against an opponent – his name’s Sam Ingram from Great Britain. He’s actually the one who beat me in London. He’s been beating me for, like, this entire four years. Every other time I went against him, I lost to him. And then finally to be able to pull out a win where it really counted was just pretty incredible.
MARTIN: Before he even won the match, Dartanyon had decided that he will compete again in four years.
CROCKETT: Because of my excitement and my love of the sport, I made a decision the day before I competed – decided that I’m definitely going to go for another four years.
MARTIN: Even before you won this most recent bronze, you knew that you were going to go for it in Tokyo again.
CROCKETT: Yeah.
MARTIN: Dartanyon Crockett – he won a bronze medal in judo at the Rio Paralympics. Some sad news from the games today to add – Paralympian Bahman Golbarnezhad of Iran died while competing in a cycling road race. Following a crash on the course, Golbarnezhad suffered cardiac arrest while being rushed to the hospital. He’ll be honored with a moment of silence at tonight’s closing ceremony. He was 48 years old.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
The ride-hailing firm Uber began testing driverless cars in Pittsburgh this week. Professor and author Timothy Carone discusses the technology and risks of driverless Uber vehicles.
MICHEL MARTIN, HOST:
If you catch an Uber in Pittsburgh, there’s a chance your driver may not actually drive. That’s because driverless Ubers hit the streets in Pittsburgh as of Wednesday. To be clear, the ride-sharing service does have humans in the front seat to make sure everything goes smoothly. We wanted to find out more about the future of this technology and the risks, so we’ve called on Timothy Carone. He’s a professor at the University of Notre Dame, and he wrote the book “Future Automation: Changes To Lives And To Businesses.” and he’s with us now. Thank you so much for joining us.
TIMOTHY CARONE: Thank you for having me, Michel.
MARTIN: So people might have a picture in their mind about self-driving cars. Before we get into the details, can you just tell us a little bit about where the technology is now compared to what people might imagine?
CARONE: Well, the technology is at a – I’ll call it a hyper cruise control, where cars can control their driving and their movement down basic, you know, either highways or streets with traffic lights and kind of the normal pedestrian traffic. So you think about kind of the normal traffic patterns you encounter, say, driving to work.
The cars are getting good enough to handle those situations. What they don’t do is they’re not capable of true autonomous operations. They cannot – you cannot get into a car today and tell it where to go and then sit back, fall asleep for three hours when it takes you to work. That kind of capability is not present.
MARTIN: You know, to that end, Alex Davies from wired.com rode in one of these test-run vehicles on Wednesday. We talked to him earlier, and he talked about, you know, what the guy in the front – or person in the front seat – actually does.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED BROADCAST)
ALEX DAVIES: Throughout our ride, the engineer would take over maybe every three, four or five minutes. They’re taking over in the parts where they’re not completely confident in the car’s ability to drive safely or to even drive intelligently at points.
MARTIN: Well, you know, taking over, I have to say, every three, four or five minutes – you’re kind of doing a lot of driving there. That doesn’t seem very driverless to me.
CARONE: Right. And I think this is a great way for people to see how far the driverless technology truly is. You know, for example, the Uber cars cannot change lanes, so that three to four minutes could potentially be changing lanes in various turns in difficult situations that, you know, we find simple, but the Uber technology isn’t quite prepared to do so. You know, the cars aren’t quite there yet, so having the driver in the car is absolutely key, I think, for the evolution of driverless cars to go to that next level.
MARTIN: So when do you think – and I – forgive me. I’m asking you to speculate now. When do you think this all comes to fruition? When will getting that driver’s license cease to be a rite of passage?
CARONE: I would start to look in about five to eight years to start to see demonstrable changes in that. You know, just like people, you know, the millennials and the younger generation they no longer opt for land phone lines when they get an apartment for the first time. They have their cell phone. They don’t need a landline anymore.
And that’s what’s going to start to show up are people who eventually, you know – when people come to that age, their parents are going to say, you know what? You got an app on your phone to get whatever car you need. Let’s save on insurance and let’s save on everything and you just – you can get the car you need when you need it. And I think we’ll start to see that, say, five years out.
MARTIN: That’s Timothy Carone. He teaches at the University of Notre Dame’s Mendoza College of Business. He’s also the author of “Future Automation: Changes To Lives And To Businesses” which talks about the transition to autonomous systems like driverless cars. Thank you so much for joining us.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
Textbooks. Richard Baker/Corbis via Getty Imageshide caption
toggle captionRichard Baker/Corbis via Getty Images
Note: This episode originally aired inOctober 2014.
Listeners have been asking for years why textbooks are getting so expensive. Prices of new textbooks have been going up faster than clothing, food, cars, and even healthcare. On today’s show we found out why prices won’t stop rising.
We speak to a student who took a course that required a $310 textbook, professors who pick the textbooks that their students have to buy, and a CEO of a textbook company who, it turns out, doesn’t like talking about books. We also venture into the parallel universe of the high school textbook market.
Pennsylvania State University is receiving intense criticism for its planned tribute to former football coach, Joe Paterno. Critics say Paterno failed to prevent or adequately report Jerry Sandusky’s repeated sexual abuse of children. Penn State fired Paterno in 2011, after Sandusky’s abuse came to light.
KELLY MCEVERS, HOST:
Penn State University is being criticized for its decision to honor its former football coach, Joe Paterno, during a game on Saturday. The school’s tribute is for the 50th anniversary of Paterno’s first game as Penn State head coach.
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
The university fired Joe Paterno back in 2011. This was after a grand jury indicted Jerry Sandusky for sexually abusing children over decades. Sandusky had been a defensive coordinator for the football team.
MCEVERS: Paterno has been faulted for not adequately reporting Sandusky’s crimes. And before Paterno died in 2012, he said he wished he had done more. But there’s an ongoing fight over the former coach’s legacy.
CORNISH: We asked Erin McCarthy about tomorrow’s commemoration. She’s a senior at Penn State and an intern at The Philadelphia Inquirer, covering Penn State football.
ERIN MCCARTHY: On Saturday, there’s going to be a focus, it seems, on the players that he impacted. That was their pretty much exact phrasing in that statement from the athletic director, Sandy Barbour. And the co-captains of the 1966 team will participate in the coin toss and different types of video presentations and clips of that game throughout the game tomorrow.
MCEVERS: Charlie Thompson is a reporter for The Patriot-News in Harrisburg. He says the decision to hold the commemoration has a lot to do with pressure from people who went to Penn State and feel like Paterno was made into a scapegoat.
CHARLIE THOMPSON: There have been surveys that suggest that more than 90 percent of Penn State alumni believe that it is time and it is fitting for the university to honor Paterno and his contributions to Penn State.
CORNISH: Among current students, opinion is mixed. A Daily Collegian editorial condemned the planned commemoration and said Paterno is, quote, “no longer a community hero.”
MCEVERS: But senior Erin McCarthy says, you can still find a lot of fans around state college, too.
MCCARTHY: You know, you walk around downtown, and a lot of stores have cut outs of Joe Paterno, Joe Paterno wall hangings and shirts. And it’s a part of the culture here that, despite what happened in 2011, doesn’t seem to have gone away.
CORNISH: The events of 2011 haven’t gone away, either. Former University officials are still facing charges related to the Sandusky case.
MCEVERS: A victim advocate who worked with survivors of Sandusky’s abuse talked to Yahoo News and called tomorrow’s commemoration incredibly insensitive.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
Devendra Jhajharia of India competes in the javelin throw at the 2016 Paralympic Games. The gold medal winner lost his left arm in an accident when he was 8. Friedemann Vogel/Getty Imageshide caption
toggle captionFriedemann Vogel/Getty Images
Deepa Malik was about to make history. Seated in a custom-made chair on a hot day in Rio, Malik — paralyzed from the chest down — held a 6.5-pound shot put between her neck and right shoulder. She took a deep breath and hurled the shot 15 feet across the throwing circle. The throw got Malik a silver at the Paralympic Games in Brazil this past Monday — and made her the first Indian woman to win a Paralympics medal.
“My first thoughts were, ‘Oh my God, have I really won?’ ” says Malik, 45, via email. She developed a spinal tumor in her early 30s and has been paralyzed since. “To become the first Indian woman to win a Paralympic medal is an honor, and it is something I will cherish for the rest of my life.”
A few days later, Devendra Jhajharia also had a historic win at the Summer Games. When he was 8, Jhajharia touched a live wire in his small North Indian village; his left arm had to be amputated. Everywhere he went, people commented on his missing limb, telling his mother he would forever have to rely on her. Tired of being called weak, Jhajharia was determined to prove them wrong.
And boy, did he ever. The 36-year-old javelin thrower just beat his own 2004 Athens Paralympic record and won a Paralympic gold for a second time.
Malik and Jhajharia are part of a team of 19 athletes representing India at the 2016 Paralympic Games and proof of a change that’s taking over the country. In fact, this modestly sized group is India’s largest-ever Paralympic delegation. (China sent the largest delegation of 308 athletes; Brazil sent the second largest at 285; and at 279, the U.S. had the third largest.)
“It’s fabulous,” says Deepthi Bopaiah, executive director of GoSports Foundation, a nonprofit organization that funds professional athletes in India. “This is definitely a great start for India. I think more people will come forward to support these athletes.”
A year ago, the foundation launched an exclusive program for India’s para-athletes, and that program has funded most of the participants at this summer’s Paralympics.
So far, India has won two golds, one silver and one bronze medal. That’s double the success of its 2016 Olympic counterpart of more than 100 athletes.
Several factors have led the country to this summer of excellence. For starters, the Indian government recently passed a first-of-its-kind corporate social responsibility law requiring certain companies, based on their earnings and revenue, to contribute 2 percent of their profits to social development — including education, poverty and sport programs. “It’s really changed the game for us,” says Aparna Ravichandran, head of partnerships at GoSports Foundation.
Since its inception eight years ago, the foundation has relied on the support of individuals and small organizations, but this recent mandate has resulted in funding from multinational companies and other large partners. The government also launched a “Target Olympic Podium Scheme,” an initiative that has set aside a little over 300 million rupees, or more than $4 million, for the program.
These cash incentives have made a world of difference to athletes — several of whom are from extremely humble backgrounds. They also convey to a society that’s biased toward academics that sport can be a legitimate and lucrative career.
“They’re able to see money,” Bopaiah says, adding that athletes can win hundreds of thousands of dollars through sponsorships as well as rewards from the government. For instance, the government of Tamil Nadu in southern India has promised high jumper Mariyappan Thangavelu 20 million rupees, close to $300,000, for winning a gold in this year’s Paralympics.
Policy changes have also led to better media coverage and more awareness of the needs of athletes with disabilities. A few years ago, Mahantesh Kivadasannavar, a partially blind cricketer, helped form the Cricket Association for the Blind in India, or CABI, with “the prime objective to focus on promoting and fostering the game of cricket for the blind,” he says. This relatively new group — still in need of regular funding — is managed by visually impaired cricket enthusiasts.
Para-cricket involves slight modifications to the original sport. For instance, the cricket ball is made of plastic with steel ball bearings on the inside that rattle, letting the batter know of an approaching ball. Also, cricket wickets are made of steel instead of wood. In a country that worships cricket, CABI helps select 17 visually impaired cricketers from a group of roughly 10,000 hopefuls to represent India at international events — including the second annual T20 World Cup cricket tournament for the blind scheduled for early next year.
Kivadasannavar is also part of the Indian Association of Para Sport Organizations — a recently formed coalition of like-minded groups and agencies.
The group is the brainchild of Rajesh Tomar — former president of the Paralympic Committee of India, or PCI, which has often come under criticism. PCI’s parent body, the International Paralympic Committee, suspended the organization several times in the past few years over internal conflicts as well as mismanagement of athletes and events.
Only recently did the international arm lift its ban on PCI, allowing athletes to represent India at this summer’s Paralympics.
The poor planning manifests itself in other ways, too. “There’s not much help in terms of sending in their entries, paying their entry fee on time, getting their visa, getting their travel documents processed on time,” says Ravichandran of GoSports.
In addition, despite some improvements, athletes continue to struggle with a lack of handicap-accessible infrastructure and access to appropriate training facilities in India. “The deeper we got into that ecosystem, the clearer it became that there’s so much more support needed,” she says.
Some of that support comes from coaches and other role models, who have already walked this somewhat confusing and challenging path.
Niranjan Mukundan can vouch for the power of a good coach. Born with a spinal defect and a club foot, this 22-year-old swimmer was crowned junior world champion last year at the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports event in the Netherlands. It was “one of the best moments of my life,” he says.
When Mukundan was 8, his coach, John Christopher, from Bangalore, introduced him to the world of para-swimming. Less than a year later, Mukundan participated in his first national event and won a silver medal.
When she isn’t out winning medals for her country, Malik serves as a motivational speaker and a role model, hoping to inspire people through her journey.
“I think it is important to lead as an example,” she says. “Now, with my latest achievement, I hope to strike a chord with people back home — particularly differently abled women in India — and inspire them to come out of their homes.”
Small business entrepreneurs typically get money from family or friends. But an approach taken from the pages of Silicon Valley is being used in Cleveland. A new reality television show called Cleveland Hustles is the idea of basketball superstar LeBron James. The show documents this process as four companies try to create jobs and a business model that can be replicated across the country.
KELLY MCEVERS, HOST:
Reality TV has followed celebrities into the wilderness and small business owners into a shark tank. A new show on CNBC follows young entrepreneurs in Cleveland. It’s produced by basketball star LeBron James. The show is called “Cleveland Hustles,” and the idea is to pair the entrepreneurs with established businesses in the city. From member station WCPN ideastream, Darrielle Snipes has more.
DARRIELLE SNIPES, BYLINE: Reality TV is real life for the four small businesses being targeted. They make everything from bagels to natural sodas to luxury purses. They’re all going through significant growing pains while the cameras are rolling.
Like most startups, these face a number of basic challenges, like securing capital from a bank. On the show, successful business owners will act as both mentors and investors to try to take them to the next level.
PHILLIP WACHTER: We’re young business owners. I mean I really think wisdom and experience that an adviser, investor could bring to your business – I think that is priceless. You know, if anything I mean that really helps you set, you know – helps you set up your business for success.
SNIPES: That’s Phillip Wachter who, with his wife Jackie, own the company Fount which makes leather handbags. What was once their hobby became their business two years ago. At their studio in Cleveland’s midtown, huge windows provide natural light as the hum of sewing machines serenades workers piecing together leather bags. In the beginning their plan was simple – use their savings and borrow money from family to make the bags.
JACKIE WACHTER: Well, and our business model for the first year especially was to put every penny we made from the business back into the business so that we can continue to grow.
SNIPES: They were able to buy several machines, including a huge clicker press to punch holes in the leather. They did have to get creative, working deals with distributors for Italian leather hides. The Wachters managed not to take out any loans or lines of credit from a bank. Phillip Wachter says they’re trying to get credit now.
P. WACHTER: So it’s kind of tricky. And especially being a smaller business, like, if we are trying to move quickly with kind of growth and to try to pursue different things, it’s kind of hard to work on the timeline of the banks. But you know, you have to do what you have to do.
SNIPES: After a while, they actually turned a profit.
P. WACHTER: So we did at the end of the year make $2, which was really exciting.
(LAUGHTER)
SNIPES: They can laugh now that they’ve teamed up with Jonathan Sawyer. Sawyer is an award-winning chef and author who owns several restaurants here in Cleveland. They worked out a deal with Sawyer. He provides business advice over the next three years. In return, he gets 5 percent of Fount’s gross sales.
That advice already seems to be paying off. Fount is now manufacturing 150 handmade bags a week, and sales are up. The Wachters opened a retail store in a Cleveland west side neighborhood. Jonathan Sawyer says investing in young entrepreneurs is often risky, but it’s long been the bread and butter of the tech world.
JONATHAN SAWYER: I think that’s amazing to think about – Clevelanders thinking about business in that, you know, Silicon, Napa, you know, different platform way.
SNIPES: Karen Mills agrees. She used to work for the Small Business Administration. Mills says the direct type of mentoring and funding is critical for creating jobs across the country.
KAREN MILLS: This is the American way and the American dream – having local sources of expertise and capital dedicated to making sure that those ideas get to the next stage. This could be a real boost to the American economy.
SNIPES: Back at the Fount studios, the Wachters are now managing 21 employees and aim to have twice as many in the next year. With their mentor’s help and some hustle, they hope to be well on their way to making a profit that far exceeds the $2 they made in their first year. For NPR News, I’m Darrielle Snipes.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
