The state of Ohio has sued five major drug manufacturers for their role in the opioid epidemic. In the lawsuit filed Wednesday, state Attorney General Mike DeWine alleges these five companies “helped unleash a health care crisis that has had far-reaching financial, social, and deadly consequences in the State of Ohio.”

Named in the suit are:

• Purdue Pharma
• Endo Health Solutions
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries and subsidiary Cephalon
• Johnson & Johnson and subsidiary Janssen Pharmaceuticals
• Allergan

The lawsuit — only the second such suit filed by a state, after Mississippi did so earlier this year — accuses the companies of engaging in a sustained marketing campaign to downplay the addiction risks of the prescription opioid drugs they sell and to exaggerate the benefits of their use for health problems such as chronic pain.

Or, as DeWine’s office put it in a press release Wednesday, the “lawsuit alleges that the drug companies engaged in fraudulent marketing regarding the risks and benefits of prescription opioids which fueled Ohio’s opioid epidemic.”

“We believe that the evidence will show that these pharmaceutical companies purposely misled doctors about the dangers connected with pain meds that they produced, and that they did so for the purpose of increasing sales,” DeWine tells NPR’s All Things Considered. “And boy, did they increase sales.”

By the late 1990s, DeWine’s suit says, each of the five companies had embarked on a persuasion scheme targeting doctors, whom the state positions as victims of systematic misinformation:

“Defendants persuaded doctors and patients that what they had long known — that opioids are addictive drugs, unsafe in most circumstances for long-term use — was untrue, and quite the opposite, that the compassionate treatment of pain required opioids.”

Asked by NPR’s Robert Siegel whether doctors had a role of their own in overprescribing potentially dangerous medication, DeWine says more fault rests with a culture created by these companies.

“This was not something that the pharmaceutical companies just woke up some day and just started to do a little bit of it,” he says.

“I mean, there was a concerted effort for an extended number of years to really pound this into the heads of doctors. And when you’re told something time and time and time again and there’s a lot of advertising that is being spent, yeah, it takes a while to turn that around.”

In a statement provided to the Cleveland Plain Dealer, a spokeswoman for Janssen, one of the defendants, called the lawsuit “legally and factually unfounded”:

“Janssen has acted appropriately, responsibly and in the best interests of patients regarding our opioid pain medications, which are FDA-approved and carry FDA-mandated warnings about the known risks of the medications on every product label.”

Purdue Pharma, another defendant, told The Plain Dealer that it has been involved in seeking to combat widespread opioid addiction:

“OxyContin accounts for less than 2 percent of the opioid analgesic prescription market nationally, but we are an industry leader in the development of abuse-deterrent technology, advocating for the use of prescription drug monitoring programs and supporting access to Naloxone — all important components for combating the opioid crisis.”

And that crisis shows few signs of ebbing soon.

As All Things Considered notes, the state of Ohio estimates some 200,000 people within its borders are addicted to opioids — a number roughly the same as Akron’s entire population.

In his release Wednesday, DeWine says he filed the suit in Ross County for a reason: “Southern Ohio was likely the hardest hit area in the nation by the opioid epidemic.”

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Doctors can save thousands of lives a year if they act promptly to identify sepsis, an often lethal reaction to infection. Sometimes called blood poisoning, sepsis is the leading cause of death in hospitals.

A 4-year-old regulation in New York state compels doctors and hospitals to follow a certain protocol, involving a big dose of antibiotics and intravenous fluids. It’s far from perfect — about a quarter of patients still die from sepsis. But early intervention is helping.

“Intervention has to be quick,” says Dr. Howard Zucker, commissioner of the New York State Health Department.

He knows what happens when it isn’t. In fact, he says, he has a cousin in the hospital right now who has been struggling to recover from a severe bout of sepsis — hospitalized in another state, he adds.

Doctors didn’t immediately realize that he was developing sepsis, and by the time they did, Zucker says it was much more difficult to treat. “That’s what we’re trying to do. We want people to intervene quickly. That’s the regulation, to intervene fast in a situation of this nature.”

Indeed, sepsis death rates in hospitals have declined where these rules are in place.

But Dr. Jeremy Kahn at the University of Pittsburgh has mixed feelings about these regulations.

“If we [doctors] were great at doing the right thing — the thing that most people agree on — then we wouldn’t need regulation,” he says. But in reality, doctors don’t all keep up with the latest best practices and follow them, Kahn says, so regulations save lives.

“The downside is that a regulatory approach lacks flexibility,” he adds. “It essentially is saying we can take a one-size-fits-all approach to treating a complex disease like sepsis.”

That’s problematic, because doctors haven’t found the best way to treat this condition. The scientific evidence is evolving rapidly, Kahn says. “Almost every day another study is released that shows what we thought to be best practice might not be best practice.”

Kahn wrote a commentary about the rapid changes earlier this month for the New England Journal of Medicine.

For a while, medical practice guidelines distributed to doctors called on them to use one particular drug to treat sepsis. It turned out that drug did more harm than good. Another heavily promoted strategy, called goal-directed therapy, also turned out to be ineffective.

And a study presented last week at the American Thoracic Society and published electronically in the New England Journal of Medicine finds that one of the steps required in New York may not be beneficial, either.

The regulations call for a rapid and substantial infusion of intravenous fluids, but that didn’t improve survival in New York state hospitals.

Many doctors consider fluids helpful, but “what we haven’t learned is the specific type of fluid to give patients, how much and how fast of a rate,” says Dr. Christopher Seymour, a critical care researcher at the University of Pittsburgh who co-authored the analysis. “It’s been quite controversial.”

“There are consequences and adverse effects that can come from too much fluid,” Seymour says.

In fact, some doctors believe that most patients are better off without this aggressive fluid treatment. There’s a study getting underway to answer that question. Dr. Nathan Shapiro at Harvard’s Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center hopes to enlist more than 2,000 patients at about 50 hospitals to answer this life-or-death question.

But that study will take years, and in the meantime doctors have to make a judgment call.

“It is possible that at present they are requiring hospitals to adopt protocols for fluid resuscitation that might not be entirely appropriate,” Kahn says.

There could also be other big changes on the horizon for treating sepsis.

Doctors scattered coast to coast are trying a new protocol that, in addition to limiting fluids, uses high doses of intravenous vitamin C, steroids and vitamin B1. That has generated a great deal of enthusiasm and some startling claims of success, though it remains to be seen whether it is indeed an exciting advance or will become another disappointment in treating sepsis.

Dr. Zucker at the New York Health Department says the current regulations would not stand in the way of advances to treatment.

“If there is a disruptive technology that comes out, or a therapy that comes out, we would adjust accordingly.”

You can reach Richard Harris at rharris@npr.org.

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