{"id":5727,"date":"2015-11-23T14:12:00","date_gmt":"2015-11-23T22:12:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices\/"},"modified":"2015-11-23T14:12:00","modified_gmt":"2015-11-23T22:12:00","slug":"here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices\/","title":{"rendered":"Here Are The 2015 Medal Of Freedom Winners, In Their Own Voices"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-style:italic;font-size:16px\">By  <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports\">Colin Dwyer<\/a><\/span>  <\/p>\n<div class=\"ftpimagefix\" style=\"float:left\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/23\/medal-freedom-2015_wide-863b83f90c2bdc935174973d9ab58b3fc3188bed-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Baseball player Willie Mays, singer Barbra Streisand and politician Shirley Chisholm will all be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom this year.\" alt=\"Baseball player Willie Mays, singer Barbra Streisand and politician Shirley Chisholm will all be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom this year.\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Jed Jacobsohn\/Kevin Winter\/Hulton Archive\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>On Tuesday, President Obama will be handing out the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2015\/11\/16\/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom\">Presidential Medal of Freedom<\/a>, the highest civilian honor in the U.S. The list of winners this year brims with both household names and virtual unknowns \u2014 artists, athletes and activists of just about every stripe.<\/p>\n<p>With 17 winners, there are 17 personal histories, 17 highlight reels of accomplishments \u2014 and 17 stories of service worth recognizing. Inspiring, sure, but also quite a bit of homework for the average American looking to learn more about the honorees.<\/p>\n<p>So, NPR&#8217;s here to help. Click a name on the list below to find a brief introduction to the life and works that helped define a legacy \u2014 and more often than not, a conversation with the actual person. Because who better to tell you who these people are than the folks themselves?<\/p>\n<h3>Medal Of Freedom Winners<\/h3>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#yogi\">Yogi Berra<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#bonnie\">Bonnie Carroll<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#shirley\">Shirley Chisholm<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#emilio\">Emilio Estefan<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#gloria\">Gloria Estefan<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#billy\">Billy Frank Jr.<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#lee\">Lee Hamilton<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#katherine\">Katherine G. Johnson<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#willie\">Willie Mays<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#barbara\">Barbara Mikulski<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#itzhak\">Itzhak Perlman<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#william\">William Ruckelshaus<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#stephen\">Stephen Sondheim<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#seteven\">Steven Spielberg<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#barbra\">Barbra Streisand<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#james\">James Taylor<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#minoru\">Minoru Yasui<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Yogi Berra<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_540227011_wide-5cbe4571fe39cda6cbd235fb778f29f6d5d35149-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Yogi Berra, during spring training in 1954, at the height of his career.\" alt=\"Yogi Berra, during spring training in 1954, at the height of his career.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Berra, that master of the bat and malapropisms, won 10 World Series championships \u2014 more than any other major league player \u2014 and spent four decades as a professional catcher, manager and coach. Born Lawrence Peter Berra, Yogi was also named league MVP three times in the course of his career. He <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/09\/23\/442730385\/baseball-legend-yogi-berra-dies-at-90\">died earlier this year<\/a> at the age of 90.<\/p>\n<p>He also was widely known for his twisty <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/ftw.usatoday.com\/2015\/09\/the-50-greatest-yogi-berra-quotes\">turns of phrase<\/a>, which managed to mine wisdom from apparent nonsense \u2014 stuff like &#8220;it ain&#8217;t over till it&#8217;s over,&#8221; and &#8220;when you come to a fork in the road, take it.&#8221; He was also quite the conversationalist on the diamond, apparently, which wasn&#8217;t always appreciated by batters such as Ted Williams.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Oh, he would get mad,&#8221; Berra told NPR&#8217;s Robert Siegel in 2003. &#8220;You know, I used to say, &#8216;Where you going tonight, Ted? What are you doing? When you going fishing?&#8217; And he&#8217;d say, &#8216;Shut up &#8230; I&#8217;m up here to hit, not to talk about fishing or hunting.&#8217; &#8220;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Yogi Berra On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2003)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 8:19 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457079678\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Yogi Berra On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2003)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Bonnie Carroll<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_120117028189_wide-f1809706eb49bcb8b74367db77b918409135a392-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"In this 2012 photo, Bonnie Carroll, president and founder of the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors, known as TAPS, poses in her office in Washington, D.C.\" alt=\"In this 2012 photo, Bonnie Carroll, president and founder of the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors, known as TAPS, poses in her office in Washington, D.C.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Jacquelyn Martin\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Carroll, a retired major in the Air Force Reserve, founded the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.taps.org\/BonnieCarroll\/\">Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors<\/a>, or TAPS, an organization that provides support for those affected by the death of a loved one serving in the U.S. armed forces. Carroll started the group after her husband, Brig. Gen. Tom Charles Carroll, died in a plane crash in 1992.<\/p>\n<p>Since its founding, TAPS has stepped in to help survivors cope with grief and feelings of guilt \u2014 and <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NuHbONNuPew\">seeks to prevent suicide<\/a> with therapy and mental health treatments.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Bonnie Carroll&#8217;s TAPS on &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 3:39 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457005504\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bonnie Carroll&#8217;s TAPS on &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Shirley Chisholm<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_7206241122_wide-b541f8c6f1d58f9db46a013627587b59b44daa44-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Rep. Shirley Chisholm, during her 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination.\" alt=\"Rep. Shirley Chisholm, during her 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>James Palmer\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Running behind the slogan &#8220;Unbought and Unbossed,&#8221; the New York Democrat won her first term in the House in 1968, becoming the first black woman elected to Congress. But she didn&#8217;t stop there: In 1972, Chisholm undertook a bid for the presidency. That campaign made her not only the first African-American woman, but the first African-American to run for a major-party presidential nomination in the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>She lost her party&#8217;s nomination to Sen. George McGovern that year, but she continued to serve in Congress for another decade, during which she also became a founding member of the Congressional Women&#8217;s Caucus. Chisholm died in 2005.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps Chisholm described herself best when she told NPR&#8217;s Tavis Smiley, in 2003: &#8220;I was very outspoken, very articulate, and I wouldn&#8217;t take any guff from anybody.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Shirley Chisholm&#8217;s 1972 Presidential Candidacy Announcement, Rebroadcast On &#8216;Tell Me More&#8217; (2008)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 3:20 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457019306\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Shirley Chisholm&#8217;s 1972 Presidential Candidacy Announcement, Rebroadcast On &#8216;Tell Me More&#8217; (2008)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Emilio Estefan<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-463909066_wide-caefa41f327b718ab024806320e10280c2925788-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Emilio Estefan, in Miami Beach, Fla., in February.\" alt=\"Emilio Estefan, in Miami Beach, Fla., in February.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Sergi Alexander\/Stringer\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The multiple Grammy winner, who is married to fellow Medal of Freedom winner Gloria Estefan, built a music empire rooted in Miami. The founding member of the group Miami Sound Machine \u2014 which also featured Gloria \u2014 Estefan made his name as a producer and songwriter foremost. He also created his own label, Crescent Moon Studios.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;What Emilio Estefan has done in this country to promote Latin music is without dispute,&#8221; said Mauricio Abaroa, the executive vice president of the Latin Academy of Recording Arts &amp; Sciences, in 2000. &#8220;As a producer, as a composer, as a manager, he is one of the greatest ambassadors we have ever had.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Gloria Estefan<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-474685348_wide-3b0de92facbe6acc8f307aee24e2e387995e26d2-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Gloria Estefan, during a performance in Washington, D.C., on Memorial Day this year.\" alt=\"Gloria Estefan, during a performance in Washington, D.C., on Memorial Day this year.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Paul Morigi\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Gloria Estefan rose to prominence at the head of Emilio Estefan&#8217;s band, the Miami Sound Machine. By the &#8217;80s and &#8217;90s, the singer was in the vanguard of the booming Latin music scene. Now, decades and dozens of albums later, Estefan is still performing and recording.<\/p>\n<p>But at the start, Gloria Estefan <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2013\/09\/08\/220298958\/estafan-sings-the-american-songbook-with-a-latin-twist\">told NPR&#8217;s Rachel Martin<\/a> in 2013, it wasn&#8217;t so easy.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;They would say you&#8217;re too American for the Latins; you&#8217;re too Latin for the Americans; lose the drums; lose the percussion; change your name,&#8221; Estefan said. &#8220;And the fact that we had this fresh, different sound, and that we stuck to it, is the reason we had success. So, we were very happy that we were our own cheerleaders.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Gloria Estefan On &#8216;Weekend Edition&#8217; (2013)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 7:57 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456850422\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Gloria Estefan On &#8216;Weekend Edition&#8217; (2013)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Billy Frank Jr.<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_051005019313_wide-976ea02ae9b9e986bae5f8790a21639a41b8467b-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Billy Frank Jr. walks along the Nisqually River near Olympia, Wash., in 2005.\" alt=\"Billy Frank Jr. walks along the Nisqually River near Olympia, Wash., in 2005.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Ted S. Warren\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Born on a Nisqually reservation in Washington state, the Native American activist resisted state fishing regulations in the 1960s and early &#8217;70s, arguing that the imposed laws violated 19th-century treaties signed between the U.S. and Native Americans. Frank was arrested numerous times, and his argument was eventually upheld by the Supreme Court in the mid-&#8217;70s.<\/p>\n<p>In the decades after, he continued to help lead efforts for Native Americans&#8217; rights and environmental conservation in the Pacific Northwest \u2014 efforts for which he was recognized with the Albert Schweitzer Award and the Martin Luther King Jr. Distinguished Service Award for Humanitarian Achievement.<\/p>\n<p>Frank died last year at the age of 83. At the time, <em>The Seattle Times<\/em> put together an <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/special-reports\/timeline-the-life-of-billy-frank-jr-1931-2014\/\">interactive timeline of Frank&#8217;s life<\/a> \u2014 including his efforts during the &#8220;salmon wars&#8221; in the &#8217;60s and &#8217;70s.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Lee Hamilton<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-180128948_custom-d77a24d370fe83c132cde84d69f8c3a1dad89368-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Rep. Lee Hamilton speaks during the release of a Bipartisan Policy Center report in Washington, D.C., in 2013.\" alt=\"Rep. Lee Hamilton speaks during the release of a Bipartisan Policy Center report in Washington, D.C., in 2013.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Rep. Lee Hamilton speaks during the release of a Bipartisan Policy Center report in Washington, D.C., in 2013. <strong>Saul Loeb\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/strong> <strong>hide caption<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>toggle caption<\/strong> <span>Saul Loeb\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Hamilton spent decades in public service. First elected to Congress in 1964, the Indiana Democrat served in the House until 1999 \u2014 including a notable stint in the &#8217;80s as chairman of the Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran, otherwise known as the Iran-Contra committee. After retiring, he kept going: Hamilton was vice chairman of the 9\/11 Commission in the wake of the 2001 terrorist attacks.<\/p>\n<p>Still, despite his decades in government as a widely respected voice in foreign policy, Hamilton <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=130149474\">told NPR&#8217;s Steve Inskeep<\/a> in 2010 that one thing, especially, left an impression on him:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I think that you come filled with ambition and drive and energy and wanting to accomplish great things, and you find the system is very hard to move, to make it work,&#8221; he said. &#8220;And I think what has impressed me over the years is the sheer complexity and difficulty of governing this country.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Lee Hamilton On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2010)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 7:50 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456851026\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Lee Hamilton On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Katherine G. Johnson<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A research mathematician for NASA in its earliest years, Johnson worked on projects such as calculations for interplanetary trajectories. Her calculations were behind the space flight of Alan Shepard \u2014 a first for America \u2014 and the Earth Resources Satellite.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Early on, when they said they wanted [Shepard&#8217;s] capsule to come down at a certain place, they were trying to compute when it should start,&#8221; Johnson <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/langley\/news\/researchernews\/rn_kjohnson.html\">told NASA&#8217;s news service<\/a> in 2008. &#8220;I said, &#8216;Let me do it. You tell me when you want it and where you want it to land, and I&#8217;ll do it backwards and tell you when to take off.&#8217; That was my forte.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Throughout her career with NASA, Johnson helped pave a path for African-American women in the space program. She is 97.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Willie Mays<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-154686392_wide-37337e20da04f8f8968c56a1f2abf1cc47f147fb-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Willie Mays, on the field before a World Series game in San Francisco, in 2012.\" alt=\"Willie Mays, on the field before a World Series game in San Francisco, in 2012.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Doug Pensinger\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Say Hey Kid was an outfielder for the New York and San Francisco Giants for more than two decades. The Hall of Famer&#8217;s feats on the baseball diamond \u2014 including <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7dK6zPbkFnE\">one legendary catch<\/a> in the 1954 World Series \u2014 provided ample <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/pictureshow\/2011\/05\/25\/136644603\/photo-history-catching-willie-mays\">fodder for photographers<\/a> and plenty of <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/willie-mays-breaks-national-league-home-run-record\">entries in the record books<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Though some question whether he could have owned even more records if he hadn&#8217;t spent two years in the military during the middle of his career, Mays <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=1064970\">told NPR&#8217;s Bob Edwards<\/a> in 2000 that he doesn&#8217;t have any regrets about it.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m not a type of guy that look back and says, &#8216;Boy, if I had this, or if I could have did that, I would have been ahead of guys.&#8217; I&#8217;m fine with what I have, you know,&#8221; Mays said.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Willie Mays On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 12:59 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456847303\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Willie Mays On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Barbara Mikulski<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-472260006_wide-26737422aff08e1f68213210ca4d4ff9568e37ce-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Sen. Barbara Mikulski, D-Md., speaks to the media in May 2015, in Baltimore.\" alt=\"Sen. Barbara Mikulski, D-Md., speaks to the media in May 2015, in Baltimore.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Drew Angerer\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When Mikulski was elected to the Senate in 1986, she roared, &#8220;We elected a Democratic woman named Barbara and somebody named Mikulski, and the Senate won&#8217;t be the same from now on!&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>It set the tone for the energetic Mikulski, who was the first Democratic woman to serve in both houses of Congress, the first woman to win a statewide senatorial election in Maryland \u2014 and, eventually, the longest-serving woman in Congress, before <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/03\/02\/390245024\/sen-mikulski-ground-breaker-for-women-legislators-wont-seek-reelection\">announcing her retirement<\/a> earlier this year.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I am a fighter,&#8221; she told <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/03\/12\/392477375\/sen-mikulski-to-spend-rest-of-her-term-sizzling-with-advocacy\">NPR&#8217;s Renee Montagne<\/a> in March. &#8220;And when you&#8217;re going to fight, you have to be specific. You have to be tenacious. You have to be insistent and persistent. And that&#8217;s what it takes to get the job done.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Barbara Mikulski On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 5:11 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/me\/2015\/03\/20150312_me_sen_mikulski_to_spend_rest_of_her_term_sizzling_with_advocacy.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457008512\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Barbara Mikulski On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Itzhak Perlman<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-107760790_custom-0a199a2e1ae4564d4c6a72189e338de989830e04-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Itzhak Perlman performs during the annual national Hanukkah menorah lighting ceremony on the White House Ellipse in 2010.\" alt=\"Itzhak Perlman performs during the annual national Hanukkah menorah lighting ceremony on the White House Ellipse in 2010.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Mandel Ngan\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Perlman has been playing the violin since he was 3 years old \u2014 which means, for those following along at home, that he&#8217;s been a violinist for more than 67 years. So Perlman, who was paralyzed by polio at an early age, has decades of material to delve into \u2014 including a performance at President Obama&#8217;s <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2009\/01\/23\/99796514\/whats-the-big-deal-with-inauguration-lip-synching\">second inauguration<\/a> and a stop by the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/deceptivecadence\/2012\/02\/09\/146592140\/how-do-you-get-to-sesame-street-practice-practice-practice\">set of Sesame Street<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I always say that my goal is to not be bored by what I do,&#8221; Perlman <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/deceptivecadence\/2015\/11\/23\/456781573\/my-goal-is-to-not-be-bored-by-what-i-do-itzhak-perlman-at-70\">told NPR&#8217;s Steve Inskeep<\/a> this week. &#8220;The only way that I cannot be bored by what I do is if I play something and it&#8217;s all new to me.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Happily, NPR&#8217;s Tom Huizenga put together <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/deceptivecadence\/2015\/08\/31\/435224636\/itzhak-perlman-charting-a-charismatic-career\">a reel of Perlman&#8217;s many highlights<\/a> \u2014 such as his first appearance on <em>The Ed Sullivan Show<\/em> at the age of 13.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Itzhak Perlman On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 7:17 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/me\/2015\/11\/20151123_me_my_goal_is_to_not_be_bored_by_what_i_do_itzhak_perlman_at_70.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457090404\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Itzhak Perlman On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>William Ruckelshaus<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_090413031304_wide-0990d9161f2015ef5118b730dffe7a3f6b717fa0-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"William Ruckelshaus, the first administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, poses for photos in 2009 at his office in Seattle.\" alt=\"William Ruckelshaus, the first administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, poses for photos in 2009 at his office in Seattle.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Ted S. Warren\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Picked by President Nixon in 1970 to be the first head of the Environmental Protection Agency, Ruckelshaus steered the EPA through the passage of the Clean Water and Clean Air acts in the early &#8217;70s. Later, as acting director of the FBI, Ruckelshaus <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ngOdIPpFmCk\">refused an order from Nixon<\/a> to fire the Watergate special prosecutor, choosing instead to resign in protest. He even returned to the EPA in the mid-&#8217;80s, at the request of President Reagan, to help guide the agency during a time of upheaval.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Stephen Sondheim<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-457016594_wide-72a6ec12e63c2b34431c3a65478c02cfb4628b51-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Stephen Sondheim talks with Adam Gopnik during the New Yorker Festival in October 2014, in New York City.\" alt=\"Stephen Sondheim talks with Adam Gopnik during the New Yorker Festival in October 2014, in New York City.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Thos Robinson\/Getty Images for The New Yorker<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>He held the pen behind <em>Sweeney Todd, Into the Woods<\/em> and <em>A Funny <em>Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.<\/em><\/em> He had a hand in <em>Gypsy<\/em> and <em>West Side Story<\/em>. He&#8217;s won Grammys, Tonys, an Oscar and a Pulitzer. And he&#8217;s at it still, lending his advice and encouragement to the Broadway <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/codeswitch\/2015\/08\/07\/429717792\/a-hip-hop-soundtrack-for-a-musical-about-alexander-hamilton-sure-why-not\">smash of the moment, Hamilton<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In between performances of his songs such as &#8220;Send in the Clowns,&#8221; Sondheim <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2011\/12\/30\/144485557\/stephen-sondheim-on-piano-jazz\">told Marian McPartland of Piano Jazz<\/a> a lesson he learned along the way: &#8220;That&#8217;s the whole point, is to keep the listener surprised.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Stephen Sondheim On &#8216;Piano Jazz&#8217; (2001)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 56:36 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456848102\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Stephen Sondheim On &#8216;Piano Jazz&#8217; (2001)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Steven Spielberg<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-497111442_wide-c4a5678189545982cd96458ca0027f8efc56efca-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Steven Spielberg arrives for a screening of Bridge of Spies in Berlin on Nov. 13, 2015.\" alt=\"Steven Spielberg arrives for a screening of Bridge of Spies in Berlin on Nov. 13, 2015.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>John MacDougall\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Jaws<\/em>, <em>Raiders of the Lost Ark<\/em>, <em>E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial<\/em>, <em>Jurassic Park<\/em>, <em>Schindler&#8217;s List<\/em>, <em>Saving Private Ryan<\/em> \u2014 even if, by some fluke of fate, you haven&#8217;t heard of Steven Spielberg, you know his movies. The director and producer has won Academy Awards, founded a movie studio \u2014 and, remarkably, managed never to be interviewed on NPR&#8217;s airwaves.<\/p>\n<p>So, I&#8217;ll just leave this to NPR&#8217;s Bob Mondello, who <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/07\/03\/419824347\/on-its-40th-anniversary-remembering-the-terror-of-jaws\">recently celebrated<\/a> the 40th anniversary of <em>Jaws<\/em>, the film that he says &#8220;put Spielberg on the map.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">NPR&#8217;s Bob Mondello On Spielberg&#8217;s &#8216;Jaws&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 5:45 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/atc\/2015\/07\/20150703_atc_jaws_40th_anniversary.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457043112\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>NPR&#8217;s Bob Mondello On Spielberg&#8217;s &#8216;Jaws&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Barbra Streisand<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-470872738_wide-efafae4ff7668b78676985e42b62a56f9846dbb4-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Barbra Streisand speaks on stage during the Women in the World Summit held in New York City, in April 2015.\" alt=\"Barbra Streisand speaks on stage during the Women in the World Summit held in New York City, in April 2015.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Andrew Toth\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The acclaimed singer and star of <em>Yentl<\/em> and <em>Funny Girl<\/em> began her career as a performer at a nightclub in 1961. The headliner of Broadway hits has since won Oscars, a Tony and plenty of Grammys and Emmys. It&#8217;s been a long and eventful career, but as <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/12\/17\/166966172\/guilt-trip-streisand-on-songs-films-and-family\">she told Fresh Air&#8217;s Terry Gross<\/a> in 2012, Streisand is still wondering what comes next.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;You reach a certain age and you wonder, well, do I give it up? Do I retire? Or do I get more in before my time is up?&#8221; she asks. &#8220;I could just travel around the world. But then I think I&#8217;d get bored and I&#8217;d need to create. I need to be creative, and time is going so fast.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Barbra Streisand On &#8216;Fresh Air&#8217; (2012)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 45:29 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456837794\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Barbra Streisand On &#8216;Fresh Air&#8217; (2012)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>James Taylor<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-478136044_wide-b3f88266c07eaa8b5a8fd23101fc7e2a9268b9c3-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"James Taylor performs at the iHeartRadio Theater in June 2015, in New York City.\" alt=\"James Taylor performs at the iHeartRadio Theater in June 2015, in New York City.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Cindy Ord\/Stringer\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Taylor released his first album in 1968, but it wasn&#8217;t until <em>Sweet Baby James<\/em> came out in 1970 that his popular success caught up with his critical acclaim. Since then, he&#8217;s put out more than a dozen albums and earned Grammys \u2014 but &#8220;Fire and Rain,&#8221; the single off that second album, remains one of his best-known works.<\/p>\n<p>Back in 2000, Taylor <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2000\/06\/26\/1075908\/npr-100-fire-and-rain\">broke down the song<\/a> for NPR&#8217;s Noah Adams.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>\n<p>&#8220;It was a great relief. That song relieved a lot of sort of tension. There was things that I needed to get rid of or at least get out of me or get in front of me or at least have some other relationship than feeling them internally, either by telling somebody else or by just putting them out in a form in front of me so that I could say, &#8216;There they are&#8217; \u2014 you know, externalizing it somehow.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;And that part was hard, having the feelings that needed to be<br \/>\nexpressed in that way. But it was actually a relief, like a laugh or a sigh.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">James Taylor On &#8216;World Cafe&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 23:23 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456845087\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>James Taylor On &#8216;World Cafe&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Minoru Yasui<\/h3>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/38271249\">Minoru Yasui &#8211; Citizen Min<\/a> from <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/goldfein\">mdgold33@yahoo.com<\/a> on <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/\">Vimeo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>At the height of World War II, the U.S. government forcibly placed more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in internment camps and pursued other discriminatory policies such as race-based curfews \u2014 out of fear that the Japanese-American population could prove a threat.<\/p>\n<p>Minoru Yasui, then a recent law school graduate, violated the curfew in order to get his case heard in court. &#8220;I walked these two or three or four times, as I recall that evening, trying to get arrested,&#8221; Yasui said \u2014 and finally, he had to walk down to the local police department to turn himself in.<\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s when his case began. As <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/11\/21\/456942189\/on-a-list-of-big-names-little-known-activist-earns-his-posthoumous-spotlight\">NPR&#8217;s Michel Martin reports<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>\n<p>&#8220;Ultimately, the case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where Yasui lost. Despite that, he continued to work on civil rights cases throughout his life on behalf of Native Americans, Latin Americans, wherever he found injustice. Minoru Yasui died in 1986, too soon to witness a victory he had sought for decades when the U.S. granted reparations to interned Japanese-American families in 1988.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Now, a new recognition of his efforts will be handed down Tuesday \u2014 a reminder that it&#8217;s never too late to honor hard-fought victories.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">NPR&#8217;s Michel Martin On Minoru Yasui<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 2:45 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/atc\/2015\/11\/20151121_atc_on_a_list_of_big_names_little-known_activist_earns_his_posthoumous_spotlight.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457018625\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>NPR&#8217;s Michel Martin On Minoru Yasui<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>This entry passed through the Full-Text RSS service &#8211; if this is your content and you&#8217;re reading it on someone else&#8217;s site, please read the FAQ at fivefilters.org\/content-only\/faq.php#publishers.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Source:: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Here Are The 2015 Medal Of Freedom Winners, In Their Own Voices\" rel=\"nofollow\">http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ftpimagefix\" style=\"float:left\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/23\/medal-freedom-2015_wide-863b83f90c2bdc935174973d9ab58b3fc3188bed-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Baseball player Willie Mays, singer Barbra Streisand and politician Shirley Chisholm will all be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom this year.\" alt=\"Baseball player Willie Mays, singer Barbra Streisand and politician Shirley Chisholm will all be awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom this year.\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Jed Jacobsohn\/Kevin Winter\/Hulton Archive\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>On Tuesday, President Obama will be handing out the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2015\/11\/16\/president-obama-names-recipients-presidential-medal-freedom\">Presidential Medal of Freedom<\/a>, the highest civilian honor in the U.S. The list of winners this year brims with both household names and virtual unknowns \u2014 artists, athletes and activists of just about every stripe.<\/p>\n<p>With 17 winners, there are 17 personal histories, 17 highlight reels of accomplishments \u2014 and 17 stories of service worth recognizing. Inspiring, sure, but also quite a bit of homework for the average American looking to learn more about the honorees.<\/p>\n<p>So, NPR&#8217;s here to help. Click a name on the list below to find a brief introduction to the life and works that helped define a legacy \u2014 and more often than not, a conversation with the actual person. Because who better to tell you who these people are than the folks themselves?<\/p>\n<h3>Medal Of Freedom Winners<\/h3>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#yogi\">Yogi Berra<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#bonnie\">Bonnie Carroll<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#shirley\">Shirley Chisholm<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#emilio\">Emilio Estefan<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#gloria\">Gloria Estefan<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#billy\">Billy Frank Jr.<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#lee\">Lee Hamilton<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#katherine\">Katherine G. Johnson<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#willie\">Willie Mays<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#barbara\">Barbara Mikulski<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#itzhak\">Itzhak Perlman<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#william\">William Ruckelshaus<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#stephen\">Stephen Sondheim<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#seteven\">Steven Spielberg<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#barbra\">Barbra Streisand<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#james\">James Taylor<\/a><br \/><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#minoru\">Minoru Yasui<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Yogi Berra<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_540227011_wide-5cbe4571fe39cda6cbd235fb778f29f6d5d35149-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Yogi Berra, during spring training in 1954, at the height of his career.\" alt=\"Yogi Berra, during spring training in 1954, at the height of his career.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Berra, that master of the bat and malapropisms, won 10 World Series championships \u2014 more than any other major league player \u2014 and spent four decades as a professional catcher, manager and coach. Born Lawrence Peter Berra, Yogi was also named league MVP three times in the course of his career. He <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/09\/23\/442730385\/baseball-legend-yogi-berra-dies-at-90\">died earlier this year<\/a> at the age of 90.<\/p>\n<p>He also was widely known for his twisty <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/ftw.usatoday.com\/2015\/09\/the-50-greatest-yogi-berra-quotes\">turns of phrase<\/a>, which managed to mine wisdom from apparent nonsense \u2014 stuff like &#8220;it ain&#8217;t over till it&#8217;s over,&#8221; and &#8220;when you come to a fork in the road, take it.&#8221; He was also quite the conversationalist on the diamond, apparently, which wasn&#8217;t always appreciated by batters such as Ted Williams.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Oh, he would get mad,&#8221; Berra told NPR&#8217;s Robert Siegel in 2003. &#8220;You know, I used to say, &#8216;Where you going tonight, Ted? What are you doing? When you going fishing?&#8217; And he&#8217;d say, &#8216;Shut up &#8230; I&#8217;m up here to hit, not to talk about fishing or hunting.&#8217; &#8220;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Yogi Berra On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2003)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 8:19 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457079678\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Yogi Berra On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2003)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Bonnie Carroll<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_120117028189_wide-f1809706eb49bcb8b74367db77b918409135a392-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"In this 2012 photo, Bonnie Carroll, president and founder of the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors, known as TAPS, poses in her office in Washington, D.C.\" alt=\"In this 2012 photo, Bonnie Carroll, president and founder of the Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors, known as TAPS, poses in her office in Washington, D.C.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Jacquelyn Martin\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Carroll, a retired major in the Air Force Reserve, founded the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.taps.org\/BonnieCarroll\/\">Tragedy Assistance Program for Survivors<\/a>, or TAPS, an organization that provides support for those affected by the death of a loved one serving in the U.S. armed forces. Carroll started the group after her husband, Brig. Gen. Tom Charles Carroll, died in a plane crash in 1992.<\/p>\n<p>Since its founding, TAPS has stepped in to help survivors cope with grief and feelings of guilt \u2014 and <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NuHbONNuPew\">seeks to prevent suicide<\/a> with therapy and mental health treatments.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Bonnie Carroll&#8217;s TAPS on &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 3:39 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457005504\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Bonnie Carroll&#8217;s TAPS on &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Shirley Chisholm<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_7206241122_wide-b541f8c6f1d58f9db46a013627587b59b44daa44-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Rep. Shirley Chisholm, during her 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination.\" alt=\"Rep. Shirley Chisholm, during her 1972 bid for the Democratic presidential nomination.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>James Palmer\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Running behind the slogan &#8220;Unbought and Unbossed,&#8221; the New York Democrat won her first term in the House in 1968, becoming the first black woman elected to Congress. But she didn&#8217;t stop there: In 1972, Chisholm undertook a bid for the presidency. That campaign made her not only the first African-American woman, but the first African-American to run for a major-party presidential nomination in the U.S.<\/p>\n<p>She lost her party&#8217;s nomination to Sen. George McGovern that year, but she continued to serve in Congress for another decade, during which she also became a founding member of the Congressional Women&#8217;s Caucus. Chisholm died in 2005.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps Chisholm described herself best when she told NPR&#8217;s Tavis Smiley, in 2003: &#8220;I was very outspoken, very articulate, and I wouldn&#8217;t take any guff from anybody.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Shirley Chisholm&#8217;s 1972 Presidential Candidacy Announcement, Rebroadcast On &#8216;Tell Me More&#8217; (2008)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 3:20 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457019306\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Shirley Chisholm&#8217;s 1972 Presidential Candidacy Announcement, Rebroadcast On &#8216;Tell Me More&#8217; (2008)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Emilio Estefan<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-463909066_wide-caefa41f327b718ab024806320e10280c2925788-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Emilio Estefan, in Miami Beach, Fla., in February.\" alt=\"Emilio Estefan, in Miami Beach, Fla., in February.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Sergi Alexander\/Stringer\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The multiple Grammy winner, who is married to fellow Medal of Freedom winner Gloria Estefan, built a music empire rooted in Miami. The founding member of the group Miami Sound Machine \u2014 which also featured Gloria \u2014 Estefan made his name as a producer and songwriter foremost. He also created his own label, Crescent Moon Studios.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;What Emilio Estefan has done in this country to promote Latin music is without dispute,&#8221; said Mauricio Abaroa, the executive vice president of the Latin Academy of Recording Arts &amp; Sciences, in 2000. &#8220;As a producer, as a composer, as a manager, he is one of the greatest ambassadors we have ever had.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Gloria Estefan<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-474685348_wide-3b0de92facbe6acc8f307aee24e2e387995e26d2-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Gloria Estefan, during a performance in Washington, D.C., on Memorial Day this year.\" alt=\"Gloria Estefan, during a performance in Washington, D.C., on Memorial Day this year.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Paul Morigi\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Gloria Estefan rose to prominence at the head of Emilio Estefan&#8217;s band, the Miami Sound Machine. By the &#8217;80s and &#8217;90s, the singer was in the vanguard of the booming Latin music scene. Now, decades and dozens of albums later, Estefan is still performing and recording.<\/p>\n<p>But at the start, Gloria Estefan <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2013\/09\/08\/220298958\/estafan-sings-the-american-songbook-with-a-latin-twist\">told NPR&#8217;s Rachel Martin<\/a> in 2013, it wasn&#8217;t so easy.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;They would say you&#8217;re too American for the Latins; you&#8217;re too Latin for the Americans; lose the drums; lose the percussion; change your name,&#8221; Estefan said. &#8220;And the fact that we had this fresh, different sound, and that we stuck to it, is the reason we had success. So, we were very happy that we were our own cheerleaders.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Gloria Estefan On &#8216;Weekend Edition&#8217; (2013)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 7:57 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456850422\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Gloria Estefan On &#8216;Weekend Edition&#8217; (2013)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Billy Frank Jr.<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_051005019313_wide-976ea02ae9b9e986bae5f8790a21639a41b8467b-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Billy Frank Jr. walks along the Nisqually River near Olympia, Wash., in 2005.\" alt=\"Billy Frank Jr. walks along the Nisqually River near Olympia, Wash., in 2005.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Ted S. Warren\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Born on a Nisqually reservation in Washington state, the Native American activist resisted state fishing regulations in the 1960s and early &#8217;70s, arguing that the imposed laws violated 19th-century treaties signed between the U.S. and Native Americans. Frank was arrested numerous times, and his argument was eventually upheld by the Supreme Court in the mid-&#8217;70s.<\/p>\n<p>In the decades after, he continued to help lead efforts for Native Americans&#8217; rights and environmental conservation in the Pacific Northwest \u2014 efforts for which he was recognized with the Albert Schweitzer Award and the Martin Luther King Jr. Distinguished Service Award for Humanitarian Achievement.<\/p>\n<p>Frank died last year at the age of 83. At the time, <em>The Seattle Times<\/em> put together an <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seattletimes.com\/special-reports\/timeline-the-life-of-billy-frank-jr-1931-2014\/\">interactive timeline of Frank&#8217;s life<\/a> \u2014 including his efforts during the &#8220;salmon wars&#8221; in the &#8217;60s and &#8217;70s.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Lee Hamilton<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-180128948_custom-d77a24d370fe83c132cde84d69f8c3a1dad89368-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Rep. Lee Hamilton speaks during the release of a Bipartisan Policy Center report in Washington, D.C., in 2013.\" alt=\"Rep. Lee Hamilton speaks during the release of a Bipartisan Policy Center report in Washington, D.C., in 2013.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>Rep. Lee Hamilton speaks during the release of a Bipartisan Policy Center report in Washington, D.C., in 2013. <strong>Saul Loeb\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/strong> <strong>hide caption<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>toggle caption<\/strong> <span>Saul Loeb\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Hamilton spent decades in public service. First elected to Congress in 1964, the Indiana Democrat served in the House until 1999 \u2014 including a notable stint in the &#8217;80s as chairman of the Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran, otherwise known as the Iran-Contra committee. After retiring, he kept going: Hamilton was vice chairman of the 9\/11 Commission in the wake of the 2001 terrorist attacks.<\/p>\n<p>Still, despite his decades in government as a widely respected voice in foreign policy, Hamilton <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=130149474\">told NPR&#8217;s Steve Inskeep<\/a> in 2010 that one thing, especially, left an impression on him:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I think that you come filled with ambition and drive and energy and wanting to accomplish great things, and you find the system is very hard to move, to make it work,&#8221; he said. &#8220;And I think what has impressed me over the years is the sheer complexity and difficulty of governing this country.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Lee Hamilton On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2010)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 7:50 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456851026\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Lee Hamilton On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Katherine G. Johnson<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A research mathematician for NASA in its earliest years, Johnson worked on projects such as calculations for interplanetary trajectories. Her calculations were behind the space flight of Alan Shepard \u2014 a first for America \u2014 and the Earth Resources Satellite.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Early on, when they said they wanted [Shepard&#8217;s] capsule to come down at a certain place, they were trying to compute when it should start,&#8221; Johnson <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/centers\/langley\/news\/researchernews\/rn_kjohnson.html\">told NASA&#8217;s news service<\/a> in 2008. &#8220;I said, &#8216;Let me do it. You tell me when you want it and where you want it to land, and I&#8217;ll do it backwards and tell you when to take off.&#8217; That was my forte.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Throughout her career with NASA, Johnson helped pave a path for African-American women in the space program. She is 97.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Willie Mays<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-154686392_wide-37337e20da04f8f8968c56a1f2abf1cc47f147fb-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Willie Mays, on the field before a World Series game in San Francisco, in 2012.\" alt=\"Willie Mays, on the field before a World Series game in San Francisco, in 2012.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Doug Pensinger\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Say Hey Kid was an outfielder for the New York and San Francisco Giants for more than two decades. The Hall of Famer&#8217;s feats on the baseball diamond \u2014 including <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7dK6zPbkFnE\">one legendary catch<\/a> in the 1954 World Series \u2014 provided ample <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/pictureshow\/2011\/05\/25\/136644603\/photo-history-catching-willie-mays\">fodder for photographers<\/a> and plenty of <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/willie-mays-breaks-national-league-home-run-record\">entries in the record books<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Though some question whether he could have owned even more records if he hadn&#8217;t spent two years in the military during the middle of his career, Mays <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=1064970\">told NPR&#8217;s Bob Edwards<\/a> in 2000 that he doesn&#8217;t have any regrets about it.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I&#8217;m not a type of guy that look back and says, &#8216;Boy, if I had this, or if I could have did that, I would have been ahead of guys.&#8217; I&#8217;m fine with what I have, you know,&#8221; Mays said.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Willie Mays On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 12:59 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456847303\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Willie Mays On &#8216;All Things Considered&#8217; (2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Barbara Mikulski<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-472260006_wide-26737422aff08e1f68213210ca4d4ff9568e37ce-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Sen. Barbara Mikulski, D-Md., speaks to the media in May 2015, in Baltimore.\" alt=\"Sen. Barbara Mikulski, D-Md., speaks to the media in May 2015, in Baltimore.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Drew Angerer\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>When Mikulski was elected to the Senate in 1986, she roared, &#8220;We elected a Democratic woman named Barbara and somebody named Mikulski, and the Senate won&#8217;t be the same from now on!&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>It set the tone for the energetic Mikulski, who was the first Democratic woman to serve in both houses of Congress, the first woman to win a statewide senatorial election in Maryland \u2014 and, eventually, the longest-serving woman in Congress, before <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/03\/02\/390245024\/sen-mikulski-ground-breaker-for-women-legislators-wont-seek-reelection\">announcing her retirement<\/a> earlier this year.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I am a fighter,&#8221; she told <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/03\/12\/392477375\/sen-mikulski-to-spend-rest-of-her-term-sizzling-with-advocacy\">NPR&#8217;s Renee Montagne<\/a> in March. &#8220;And when you&#8217;re going to fight, you have to be specific. You have to be tenacious. You have to be insistent and persistent. And that&#8217;s what it takes to get the job done.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Barbara Mikulski On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 5:11 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/me\/2015\/03\/20150312_me_sen_mikulski_to_spend_rest_of_her_term_sizzling_with_advocacy.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457008512\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Barbara Mikulski On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Itzhak Perlman<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-107760790_custom-0a199a2e1ae4564d4c6a72189e338de989830e04-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Itzhak Perlman performs during the annual national Hanukkah menorah lighting ceremony on the White House Ellipse in 2010.\" alt=\"Itzhak Perlman performs during the annual national Hanukkah menorah lighting ceremony on the White House Ellipse in 2010.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Mandel Ngan\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Perlman has been playing the violin since he was 3 years old \u2014 which means, for those following along at home, that he&#8217;s been a violinist for more than 67 years. So Perlman, who was paralyzed by polio at an early age, has decades of material to delve into \u2014 including a performance at President Obama&#8217;s <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2009\/01\/23\/99796514\/whats-the-big-deal-with-inauguration-lip-synching\">second inauguration<\/a> and a stop by the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/deceptivecadence\/2012\/02\/09\/146592140\/how-do-you-get-to-sesame-street-practice-practice-practice\">set of Sesame Street<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I always say that my goal is to not be bored by what I do,&#8221; Perlman <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/deceptivecadence\/2015\/11\/23\/456781573\/my-goal-is-to-not-be-bored-by-what-i-do-itzhak-perlman-at-70\">told NPR&#8217;s Steve Inskeep<\/a> this week. &#8220;The only way that I cannot be bored by what I do is if I play something and it&#8217;s all new to me.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Happily, NPR&#8217;s Tom Huizenga put together <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/deceptivecadence\/2015\/08\/31\/435224636\/itzhak-perlman-charting-a-charismatic-career\">a reel of Perlman&#8217;s many highlights<\/a> \u2014 such as his first appearance on <em>The Ed Sullivan Show<\/em> at the age of 13.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Itzhak Perlman On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 7:17 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/me\/2015\/11\/20151123_me_my_goal_is_to_not_be_bored_by_what_i_do_itzhak_perlman_at_70.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457090404\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Itzhak Perlman On &#8216;Morning Edition&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>William Ruckelshaus<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/ap_090413031304_wide-0990d9161f2015ef5118b730dffe7a3f6b717fa0-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"William Ruckelshaus, the first administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, poses for photos in 2009 at his office in Seattle.\" alt=\"William Ruckelshaus, the first administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, poses for photos in 2009 at his office in Seattle.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Ted S. Warren\/AP<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Picked by President Nixon in 1970 to be the first head of the Environmental Protection Agency, Ruckelshaus steered the EPA through the passage of the Clean Water and Clean Air acts in the early &#8217;70s. Later, as acting director of the FBI, Ruckelshaus <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ngOdIPpFmCk\">refused an order from Nixon<\/a> to fire the Watergate special prosecutor, choosing instead to resign in protest. He even returned to the EPA in the mid-&#8217;80s, at the request of President Reagan, to help guide the agency during a time of upheaval.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/div>\n<div><strong>YouTube<\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Stephen Sondheim<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-457016594_wide-72a6ec12e63c2b34431c3a65478c02cfb4628b51-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Stephen Sondheim talks with Adam Gopnik during the New Yorker Festival in October 2014, in New York City.\" alt=\"Stephen Sondheim talks with Adam Gopnik during the New Yorker Festival in October 2014, in New York City.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Thos Robinson\/Getty Images for The New Yorker<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>He held the pen behind <em>Sweeney Todd, Into the Woods<\/em> and <em>A Funny <em>Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.<\/em><\/em> He had a hand in <em>Gypsy<\/em> and <em>West Side Story<\/em>. He&#8217;s won Grammys, Tonys, an Oscar and a Pulitzer. And he&#8217;s at it still, lending his advice and encouragement to the Broadway <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/codeswitch\/2015\/08\/07\/429717792\/a-hip-hop-soundtrack-for-a-musical-about-alexander-hamilton-sure-why-not\">smash of the moment, Hamilton<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In between performances of his songs such as &#8220;Send in the Clowns,&#8221; Sondheim <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2011\/12\/30\/144485557\/stephen-sondheim-on-piano-jazz\">told Marian McPartland of Piano Jazz<\/a> a lesson he learned along the way: &#8220;That&#8217;s the whole point, is to keep the listener surprised.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Stephen Sondheim On &#8216;Piano Jazz&#8217; (2001)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 56:36 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456848102\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Stephen Sondheim On &#8216;Piano Jazz&#8217; (2001)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Steven Spielberg<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-497111442_wide-c4a5678189545982cd96458ca0027f8efc56efca-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Steven Spielberg arrives for a screening of Bridge of Spies in Berlin on Nov. 13, 2015.\" alt=\"Steven Spielberg arrives for a screening of Bridge of Spies in Berlin on Nov. 13, 2015.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>John MacDougall\/AFP\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>Jaws<\/em>, <em>Raiders of the Lost Ark<\/em>, <em>E.T.: the Extra-Terrestrial<\/em>, <em>Jurassic Park<\/em>, <em>Schindler&#8217;s List<\/em>, <em>Saving Private Ryan<\/em> \u2014 even if, by some fluke of fate, you haven&#8217;t heard of Steven Spielberg, you know his movies. The director and producer has won Academy Awards, founded a movie studio \u2014 and, remarkably, managed never to be interviewed on NPR&#8217;s airwaves.<\/p>\n<p>So, I&#8217;ll just leave this to NPR&#8217;s Bob Mondello, who <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/07\/03\/419824347\/on-its-40th-anniversary-remembering-the-terror-of-jaws\">recently celebrated<\/a> the 40th anniversary of <em>Jaws<\/em>, the film that he says &#8220;put Spielberg on the map.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">NPR&#8217;s Bob Mondello On Spielberg&#8217;s &#8216;Jaws&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 5:45 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/atc\/2015\/07\/20150703_atc_jaws_40th_anniversary.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457043112\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>NPR&#8217;s Bob Mondello On Spielberg&#8217;s &#8216;Jaws&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Barbra Streisand<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-470872738_wide-efafae4ff7668b78676985e42b62a56f9846dbb4-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"Barbra Streisand speaks on stage during the Women in the World Summit held in New York City, in April 2015.\" alt=\"Barbra Streisand speaks on stage during the Women in the World Summit held in New York City, in April 2015.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Andrew Toth\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The acclaimed singer and star of <em>Yentl<\/em> and <em>Funny Girl<\/em> began her career as a performer at a nightclub in 1961. The headliner of Broadway hits has since won Oscars, a Tony and plenty of Grammys and Emmys. It&#8217;s been a long and eventful career, but as <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2012\/12\/17\/166966172\/guilt-trip-streisand-on-songs-films-and-family\">she told Fresh Air&#8217;s Terry Gross<\/a> in 2012, Streisand is still wondering what comes next.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;You reach a certain age and you wonder, well, do I give it up? Do I retire? Or do I get more in before my time is up?&#8221; she asks. &#8220;I could just travel around the world. But then I think I&#8217;d get bored and I&#8217;d need to create. I need to be creative, and time is going so fast.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">Barbra Streisand On &#8216;Fresh Air&#8217; (2012)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 45:29 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456837794\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Barbra Streisand On &#8216;Fresh Air&#8217; (2012)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>James Taylor<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2015\/11\/22\/gettyimages-478136044_wide-b3f88266c07eaa8b5a8fd23101fc7e2a9268b9c3-s1100-c15.jpg\" title=\"James Taylor performs at the iHeartRadio Theater in June 2015, in New York City.\" alt=\"James Taylor performs at the iHeartRadio Theater in June 2015, in New York City.\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<p><span>Cindy Ord\/Stringer\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Taylor released his first album in 1968, but it wasn&#8217;t until <em>Sweet Baby James<\/em> came out in 1970 that his popular success caught up with his critical acclaim. Since then, he&#8217;s put out more than a dozen albums and earned Grammys \u2014 but &#8220;Fire and Rain,&#8221; the single off that second album, remains one of his best-known works.<\/p>\n<p>Back in 2000, Taylor <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2000\/06\/26\/1075908\/npr-100-fire-and-rain\">broke down the song<\/a> for NPR&#8217;s Noah Adams.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>\n<p>&#8220;It was a great relief. That song relieved a lot of sort of tension. There was things that I needed to get rid of or at least get out of me or get in front of me or at least have some other relationship than feeling them internally, either by telling somebody else or by just putting them out in a form in front of me so that I could say, &#8216;There they are&#8217; \u2014 you know, externalizing it somehow.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;And that part was hard, having the feelings that needed to be<br \/>\nexpressed in that way. But it was actually a relief, like a laugh or a sigh.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">James Taylor On &#8216;World Cafe&#8217; (2015)<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 23:23 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/456845087\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>James Taylor On &#8216;World Cafe&#8217; (2015)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<hr>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Minoru Yasui<\/h3>\n<div>[embedded content]<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/38271249\">Minoru Yasui &#8211; Citizen Min<\/a> from <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/goldfein\">mdgold33@yahoo.com<\/a> on <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/\">Vimeo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>At the height of World War II, the U.S. government forcibly placed more than 100,000 Americans of Japanese descent in internment camps and pursued other discriminatory policies such as race-based curfews \u2014 out of fear that the Japanese-American population could prove a threat.<\/p>\n<p>Minoru Yasui, then a recent law school graduate, violated the curfew in order to get his case heard in court. &#8220;I walked these two or three or four times, as I recall that evening, trying to get arrested,&#8221; Yasui said \u2014 and finally, he had to walk down to the local police department to turn himself in.<\/p>\n<p>That&#8217;s when his case began. As <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/2015\/11\/21\/456942189\/on-a-list-of-big-names-little-known-activist-earns-his-posthoumous-spotlight\">NPR&#8217;s Michel Martin reports<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div>\n<p>&#8220;Ultimately, the case made it all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, where Yasui lost. Despite that, he continued to work on civil rights cases throughout his life on behalf of Native Americans, Latin Americans, wherever he found injustice. Minoru Yasui died in 1986, too soon to witness a victory he had sought for decades when the U.S. granted reparations to interned Japanese-American families in 1988.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Now, a new recognition of his efforts will be handed down Tuesday \u2014 a reminder that it&#8217;s never too late to honor hard-fought victories.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#medal\">Back to the list.<\/a><\/p>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\">NPR&#8217;s Michel Martin On Minoru Yasui<\/a><\/h3>\n<h3>Loading\u2026<\/h3>\n<p><strong> 2:45 <\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Playlist\">Playlist<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/pd.npr.org\/anon.npr-mp3\/npr\/atc\/2015\/11\/20151121_atc_on_a_list_of_big_names_little-known_activist_earns_his_posthoumous_spotlight.mp3?dl=1\" title=\"Download\">Download<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/thetwo-way\/2015\/11\/23\/456832743\/here-are-the-2015-medal-of-freedom-winners-in-their-own-voices?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=sports#\" title=\"Embed\">Embed<\/a>\n<div><label>Embed<\/label> <button>Close embed overlay<\/button> <strong><code><strong>&lt;<\/b>iframe src=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/player\/embed\/456832743\/457018625\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\"&gt;<\/strong><\/code><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>NPR&#8217;s Michel Martin On Minoru Yasui<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><em>This entry passed through the Full-Text RSS service &#8211; if this is your content and you&#8217;re reading it on someone else&#8217;s site, please read the FAQ at fivefilters.org\/content-only\/faq.php#publishers.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sports-recreation"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5727","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5727"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5727\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5727"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5727"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5727"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}