{"id":19875,"date":"2019-07-12T05:12:45","date_gmt":"2019-07-12T13:12:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers\/"},"modified":"2019-07-12T05:12:45","modified_gmt":"2019-07-12T13:12:45","slug":"a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers\/","title":{"rendered":"A Call For More Research On Cancer&#8217;s Environmental Triggers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-style:italic;font-size:16px\">By  <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2019\/07\/12\/740817989\/a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\" rel=\"nofollow&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Elaine Schattner<\/a><\/span>  <\/p>\n<div class=\"ftpimagefix\" style=\"float:left\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2019\/07\/12\/740817989\/a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2019\/07\/11\/gettyimages-893900758_custom-10e10c20c35bd7d1dd500d1f4619e39ff0d82ee8-s1100-c15.jpg\" data-original=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2019\/07\/11\/gettyimages-893900758_custom-10e10c20c35bd7d1dd500d1f4619e39ff0d82ee8-s1100.jpg\" alt><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div aria-label=\"Image caption\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<div data-crop-type>\n    <\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div aria-label=\"Image caption\">\n<p>\n                A stretch of the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Baton Rouge, La., that is crowded with chemical plants has been called &#8220;Cancer Alley&#8221; because of the health problems there.<\/p>\n<p>                <b aria-label=\"Image credit\"><\/p>\n<p>                    Giles Clarke\/Getty Images<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><br \/>\n                <b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b>\n            <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>            <b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b>\n    <\/div>\n<p>    <span aria-label=\"Image credit\"><\/p>\n<p>        Giles Clarke\/Getty Images<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>We already know how to stop many cancers before they start, scientists say. But there&#8217;s a lot more work to be done.<\/p>\n<p> &#8220;Around half of cancers could be prevented,&#8221; said <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/people\/christopher-p-wild\">Christopher Wild<\/a> in the opening session of an international scientific meeting on cancer&#8217;s environmental causes held in June. Wild is the former director of the World Health Organization&#8217;s International Agency for Research on Cancer.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Cancer biology and treatment is where most of the money goes,&#8221; he said, but prevention <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/1878-0261.12432\">warrants<\/a> greater attention. &#8220;I&#8217;m not saying that we shouldn&#8217;t work to improve treatment, but we haven&#8217;t balanced it properly.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps no question about cancer is more contentious than its causes. People wonder, and scientists debate, if most malignancies stem from<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2017\/03\/debate-reignites-over-contributions-bad-luck-mutations-cancer\"> random DNA mutations<\/a> and other chance events or from exposure to carcinogens, or from behaviors that might be avoided. <\/p>\n<p>At <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aacr.org\/Meetings\/Pages\/MeetingDetail.aspx?EventItemID=168&amp;DetailItemID=982\">the conference<\/a> in Charlotte, N.C., scientists pressed for a reassessment of the role of environmental exposures by applying modern molecular techniques to toxicology. They called for more aggressive collection of examples of human pathology and environmental samples, including water and air, so that cellular responses to chemicals can be elucidated.<\/p>\n<aside aria-label=\"advertisement\">\n<div data-ad-config='{\"network\":\"\/6735\/\",\"site\":{\"default\":\"n6735.NPR\",\"mobile\":\"n6735.NPRMOBILE\"},\"zone\":\"News_Health\",\"targets\":{\"testserver\":\"false\",\"storyId\":\"740817989\",\"agg\":[\"191676894\",\"434975886\",\"103537970\"],\"blog\":\"103537970\"},\"location\":\"backstage\",\"deferred\":false,\"isBetweenContent\":true,\"isAggSponsorship\":false,\"borderClass\":\"\"}'><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<p>The hope is that by identifying specific traces of exposures in human cancer specimens, scientists can identify environmental causes of disease that might be prevented. <\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Over 80,000 chemicals are used in the United States, but only a few have been tested for carcinogenic activity,&#8221; said Margaret Kripke, an immunologist and professor emeritus at MD Anderson Cancer Center, in an interview at the meeting.<\/p>\n<p> &#8220;This has been a very neglected area of cancer research for the last several decades,&#8221; said Kripke, the driving force behind the conference, which was put on by the American Association for Cancer Research. &#8220;Environmental toxicology was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s,&#8221; she said, but genetics then began to overshadow studies of cancer&#8217;s environmental causes. &#8220;Toxicology fell by the wayside.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>While the incidence of tobacco-linked cancers has been falling, malignancies not associated with smoking are rising, Kripke said. Recent evidence suggests an <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0141076819843654\">escalating<\/a> rate of lung cancer in nonsmokers. That trend implicates  other environmental factors.<\/p>\n<p>Around the globe, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.3322\/caac.21492\">cancer&#8217;s overall incidence is climbing<\/a>. This year, 18 million people will be diagnosed with some form of cancer and over 9 million will die from it. <\/p>\n<p><!-- END ID=\"RES740855037\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP INTERNALLINK INSETTWOCOLUMN INSET2COL \" --><\/p>\n<p>Infections \u2014 many preventable, such as by human papillomavirus \u2014account for 15% of new cases. <\/p>\n<p>Another rising cause is <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/causes\/obesity\/home\">obesity<\/a>, along with <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html\">urbanization<\/a>. People generally get less physical activity and eat differently in cities, and pollution is heavier there, too. &#8220;As people move into cities, that will drive up cancer rates,&#8221; Wild said.<\/p>\n<p>One of the biggest obstacles to preventing cancer is that many people just don&#8217;t think it&#8217;s feasible. Progress &#8220;requires long-term vision and commitment,&#8221; Wild said. &#8220;Funding is limited, and there&#8217;s little private sector investment.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>A change in the way benefits of cancer prevention are framed could help. &#8220;When I was at the IARC, one thing that struck me was the power of economic arguments over health arguments for preventing cancer,&#8221; Wild said. <\/p>\n<p>Cancer treatment costs can be prohibitive. But productivity lost from premature deaths in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa alone <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877782117302126?via%3Dihub\">runs $46.3 Abillion<\/a> annually, he said. &#8220;Developing countries are not prepared to deal with the rising cancer burden.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The precise proportion of cancers arising from environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogens is <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMp1006634\">uncertain<\/a>. In 2009, a report by the President&#8217;s Cancer Panel <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/deainfo.nci.nih.gov\/Advisory\/pcp\/annualReports\/pcp08-09rpt\/PCP_Report_08-09_508.pdf\">called<\/a> prior approximations of around 6% &#8220;woefully out of date&#8221; and low. A <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26106142\">2015 paper<\/a> by over a hundred concerned scientists cited &#8220;credible&#8221; estimates of 7% to 19%.<\/p>\n<p>Scientist at the Charlotte meeting emphasized the complexity of cancer&#8217;s causes and the need for toxicologists to <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/24635\/using-21st-century-science-to-improve-risk-related-evaluations\">update methods<\/a> to reflect that complexity, such as by studying interactions of environmental and genetic risks, and by examining cells after a mix of exposures. &#8220;Most toxic exposures do not occur singly,&#8221; said <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/about\/od\/deputy\/index.cfm\">Rick Woychik<\/a>, deputy director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.<\/p>\n<p>Until recently, many toxicology tests were performed in rodents, because it would be unethical to deliberately evaluate possible carcinogens in people. But these animal experiments are labor-intensive and slow, he said. <\/p>\n<p>New alternatives are now being tried. &#8220;We learned from pharma that with robotics and high-throughput technology you can interrogate a lot of biology quickly and at lower costs,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>Epidemiological research of human exposures has been stymied by the difficulty of proving cause-and-effect \u2014 that a particular substance actually causes cancer \u2014 and by shortcomings of survey data from questionnaires. <\/p>\n<p>At the conference, scientists offered glimpses of new technology that is helping fill informational gaps. <\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/essigmann.mit.edu\/current-essigmann-group-members\">Bogdan Fedeles of MIT<\/a> explained how DNA serves as a lifelong &#8220;recording device.&#8221; He and others use <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/109\/36\/14508\">duplex sequencing<\/a> to examine human samples for genetic &#8220;fingerprints of exposure.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/profiles.ucsf.edu\/allan.balmain\">Allan Balmain<\/a>, a geneticist at University of California, San Francisco, spoke about <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12477\">mutational signatures<\/a> in malignancies. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01358-x\">In liver cancer<\/a>, for instance, these signatures can offer causal clues\u2014such as smoking, alcohol or aflatoxin, a product of mold that grows on some foods. <\/p>\n<p>Many chemicals that cause or stimulate cancer growth are produced inside our bodies. &#8220;It&#8217;s not all about the environment,&#8221; Balmain said.<\/p>\n<p>Others highlighted a conceptual shift in how scientists define carcinogens. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00321\">Key characteristics<\/a> may include a substance&#8217;s capacity to stimulate growth of malignant cells, or to induce inflammation\u2014without necessarily causing DNA damage, long seen as the necessary . <\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The answer to &#8216;What is a carcinogen?&#8217; is changing&#8221; said <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/silentspring.org\/staff\/ruthann-rudel-ms\">Ruthann Rudel<\/a>, a toxicologist at the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/silentspring.org\/\">Silent Spring Institute<\/a> who has published extensively on breast carcinogens. She detailed new techniques to <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6583811\/\">screen<\/a> breast cancer cells for changes in response to specific chemical exposures. <\/p>\n<p>The public health stakes for the field are high. <\/p>\n<p>Professor <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.proofpoint.com\/v2\/url?u=https-3A__www.uml.edu_research_lowell-2Dcenter_about_team_hoppin-2Dpolly.aspx&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&amp;r=Ng2iwDevJ40mgMpZZPbkIw&amp;m=qS4jZ1ijWAi9zM9acE2AnoZxZRawSO1gNWKNZO8hXYA&amp;s=SUva0ZOQ8wwWej1Y2CsmvDK3iSp3pwvrcckJ7fVys9I&amp;e=\">Polly Hoppin<\/a>, of the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, discussed cancer-causing industrial <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.proofpoint.com\/v2\/url?u=https-3A__www.atsdr.cdc.gov_sites_lejeune_tce-5Fpce.html&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&amp;r=Ng2iwDevJ40mgMpZZPbkIw&amp;m=yUiykj1cx-IxrosOA7OBCDhUrhTmbBOXRXNuGoW0sOg&amp;s=Bv7ePH1p-qFtv7TxTj6vrnCGoMZW4K9WKjmSjxqiy8w&amp;e=\">contamination<\/a> of drinking water at Camp Lejune, N.C., <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/03\/06\/583973428\/after-decades-of-air-pollution-a-louisiana-town-rebels-against-a-chemical-giant\">air pollution<\/a> in St. John the Baptist Parish, La., and potential exposures to carcinogens from fracking and planned <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.proofpoint.com\/v2\/url?u=https-3A__dced.pa.gov_key-2Dindustries_plastics_&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&amp;r=Ng2iwDevJ40mgMpZZPbkIw&amp;m=yUiykj1cx-IxrosOA7OBCDhUrhTmbBOXRXNuGoW0sOg&amp;s=L1JSM26Y5WRD4YILryFjlEm1pM1vzlpLtxxJFemMDuU&amp;e=\">plastics<\/a> production in Pennsylvania. <\/p>\n<p>Hoppin reflected on the U.S. experience with tobacco cessation. Scientists knew that smoking causes cancer by the 1950s, she said. Implementing that knowledge required policy and incentives \u2014 like high cigarette taxes and public smoking bans \u2014 and took decades. <\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The science wasn&#8217;t enough,&#8221; Hoppin said. &#8220;How many lives could have been saved if we&#8217;d acted sooner?&#8221; <\/p>\n<p><em>Elaine Schattner is a physician in New York writing a book on cancer attitudes that will be published by Columbia University Press.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/\">Let&#8217;s block ads!<\/a><\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/acceptable.html\">(Why?)<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Source:: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2019\/07\/12\/740817989\/a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"A Call For More Research On Cancer's Environmental Triggers\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2019\/07\/12\/740817989\/a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"ftpimagefix\" style=\"float:left\"><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2019\/07\/12\/740817989\/a-call-for-more-research-on-cancers-environmental-triggers?utm_medium=RSS&amp;utm_campaign=healthcare\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2019\/07\/11\/gettyimages-893900758_custom-10e10c20c35bd7d1dd500d1f4619e39ff0d82ee8-s1100-c15.jpg\" data-original=\"https:\/\/media.npr.org\/assets\/img\/2019\/07\/11\/gettyimages-893900758_custom-10e10c20c35bd7d1dd500d1f4619e39ff0d82ee8-s1100.jpg\" alt><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div aria-label=\"Image caption\"><\/a><\/div>\n<div>\n<div data-crop-type>\n    <\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div aria-label=\"Image caption\">\n<p>\n                A stretch of the Mississippi River from New Orleans to Baton Rouge, La., that is crowded with chemical plants has been called &#8220;Cancer Alley&#8221; because of the health problems there.<\/p>\n<p>                <b aria-label=\"Image credit\"><\/p>\n<p>                    Giles Clarke\/Getty Images<\/p>\n<p>                <\/b><br \/>\n                <b><b>hide caption<\/b><\/b>\n            <\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>            <b><b>toggle caption<\/b><\/b>\n    <\/div>\n<p>    <span aria-label=\"Image credit\"><\/p>\n<p>        Giles Clarke\/Getty Images<\/p>\n<p>    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>We already know how to stop many cancers before they start, scientists say. But there&#8217;s a lot more work to be done.<\/p>\n<p> &#8220;Around half of cancers could be prevented,&#8221; said <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/people\/christopher-p-wild\">Christopher Wild<\/a> in the opening session of an international scientific meeting on cancer&#8217;s environmental causes held in June. Wild is the former director of the World Health Organization&#8217;s International Agency for Research on Cancer.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Cancer biology and treatment is where most of the money goes,&#8221; he said, but prevention <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/1878-0261.12432\">warrants<\/a> greater attention. &#8220;I&#8217;m not saying that we shouldn&#8217;t work to improve treatment, but we haven&#8217;t balanced it properly.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps no question about cancer is more contentious than its causes. People wonder, and scientists debate, if most malignancies stem from<a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2017\/03\/debate-reignites-over-contributions-bad-luck-mutations-cancer\"> random DNA mutations<\/a> and other chance events or from exposure to carcinogens, or from behaviors that might be avoided. <\/p>\n<p>At <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aacr.org\/Meetings\/Pages\/MeetingDetail.aspx?EventItemID=168&amp;DetailItemID=982\">the conference<\/a> in Charlotte, N.C., scientists pressed for a reassessment of the role of environmental exposures by applying modern molecular techniques to toxicology. They called for more aggressive collection of examples of human pathology and environmental samples, including water and air, so that cellular responses to chemicals can be elucidated.<\/p>\n<aside aria-label=\"advertisement\">\n<div data-ad-config='{\"network\":\"\/6735\/\",\"site\":{\"default\":\"n6735.NPR\",\"mobile\":\"n6735.NPRMOBILE\"},\"zone\":\"News_Health\",\"targets\":{\"testserver\":\"false\",\"storyId\":\"740817989\",\"agg\":[\"191676894\",\"434975886\",\"103537970\"],\"blog\":\"103537970\"},\"location\":\"backstage\",\"deferred\":false,\"isBetweenContent\":true,\"isAggSponsorship\":false,\"borderClass\":\"\"}'><\/div>\n<\/aside>\n<p>The hope is that by identifying specific traces of exposures in human cancer specimens, scientists can identify environmental causes of disease that might be prevented. <\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Over 80,000 chemicals are used in the United States, but only a few have been tested for carcinogenic activity,&#8221; said Margaret Kripke, an immunologist and professor emeritus at MD Anderson Cancer Center, in an interview at the meeting.<\/p>\n<p> &#8220;This has been a very neglected area of cancer research for the last several decades,&#8221; said Kripke, the driving force behind the conference, which was put on by the American Association for Cancer Research. &#8220;Environmental toxicology was very popular in the 1950s and 1960s,&#8221; she said, but genetics then began to overshadow studies of cancer&#8217;s environmental causes. &#8220;Toxicology fell by the wayside.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>While the incidence of tobacco-linked cancers has been falling, malignancies not associated with smoking are rising, Kripke said. Recent evidence suggests an <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0141076819843654\">escalating<\/a> rate of lung cancer in nonsmokers. That trend implicates  other environmental factors.<\/p>\n<p>Around the globe, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.3322\/caac.21492\">cancer&#8217;s overall incidence is climbing<\/a>. This year, 18 million people will be diagnosed with some form of cancer and over 9 million will die from it. <\/p>\n<p><!-- END ID=\"RES740855037\" CLASS=\"BUCKETWRAP INTERNALLINK INSETTWOCOLUMN INSET2COL \" --><\/p>\n<p>Infections \u2014 many preventable, such as by human papillomavirus \u2014account for 15% of new cases. <\/p>\n<p>Another rising cause is <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/gco.iarc.fr\/causes\/obesity\/home\">obesity<\/a>, along with <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/publications\/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html\">urbanization<\/a>. People generally get less physical activity and eat differently in cities, and pollution is heavier there, too. &#8220;As people move into cities, that will drive up cancer rates,&#8221; Wild said.<\/p>\n<p>One of the biggest obstacles to preventing cancer is that many people just don&#8217;t think it&#8217;s feasible. Progress &#8220;requires long-term vision and commitment,&#8221; Wild said. &#8220;Funding is limited, and there&#8217;s little private sector investment.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>A change in the way benefits of cancer prevention are framed could help. &#8220;When I was at the IARC, one thing that struck me was the power of economic arguments over health arguments for preventing cancer,&#8221; Wild said. <\/p>\n<p>Cancer treatment costs can be prohibitive. But productivity lost from premature deaths in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa alone <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877782117302126?via%3Dihub\">runs $46.3 Abillion<\/a> annually, he said. &#8220;Developing countries are not prepared to deal with the rising cancer burden.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The precise proportion of cancers arising from environmental and occupational exposure to carcinogens is <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/10.1056\/NEJMp1006634\">uncertain<\/a>. In 2009, a report by the President&#8217;s Cancer Panel <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/deainfo.nci.nih.gov\/Advisory\/pcp\/annualReports\/pcp08-09rpt\/PCP_Report_08-09_508.pdf\">called<\/a> prior approximations of around 6% &#8220;woefully out of date&#8221; and low. A <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26106142\">2015 paper<\/a> by over a hundred concerned scientists cited &#8220;credible&#8221; estimates of 7% to 19%.<\/p>\n<p>Scientist at the Charlotte meeting emphasized the complexity of cancer&#8217;s causes and the need for toxicologists to <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nap.edu\/catalog\/24635\/using-21st-century-science-to-improve-risk-related-evaluations\">update methods<\/a> to reflect that complexity, such as by studying interactions of environmental and genetic risks, and by examining cells after a mix of exposures. &#8220;Most toxic exposures do not occur singly,&#8221; said <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.niehs.nih.gov\/about\/od\/deputy\/index.cfm\">Rick Woychik<\/a>, deputy director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.<\/p>\n<p>Until recently, many toxicology tests were performed in rodents, because it would be unethical to deliberately evaluate possible carcinogens in people. But these animal experiments are labor-intensive and slow, he said. <\/p>\n<p>New alternatives are now being tried. &#8220;We learned from pharma that with robotics and high-throughput technology you can interrogate a lot of biology quickly and at lower costs,&#8221; he said.<\/p>\n<p>Epidemiological research of human exposures has been stymied by the difficulty of proving cause-and-effect \u2014 that a particular substance actually causes cancer \u2014 and by shortcomings of survey data from questionnaires. <\/p>\n<p>At the conference, scientists offered glimpses of new technology that is helping fill informational gaps. <\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/essigmann.mit.edu\/current-essigmann-group-members\">Bogdan Fedeles of MIT<\/a> explained how DNA serves as a lifelong &#8220;recording device.&#8221; He and others use <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/109\/36\/14508\">duplex sequencing<\/a> to examine human samples for genetic &#8220;fingerprints of exposure.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/profiles.ucsf.edu\/allan.balmain\">Allan Balmain<\/a>, a geneticist at University of California, San Francisco, spoke about <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature12477\">mutational signatures<\/a> in malignancies. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-017-01358-x\">In liver cancer<\/a>, for instance, these signatures can offer causal clues\u2014such as smoking, alcohol or aflatoxin, a product of mold that grows on some foods. <\/p>\n<p>Many chemicals that cause or stimulate cancer growth are produced inside our bodies. &#8220;It&#8217;s not all about the environment,&#8221; Balmain said.<\/p>\n<p>Others highlighted a conceptual shift in how scientists define carcinogens. <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00321\">Key characteristics<\/a> may include a substance&#8217;s capacity to stimulate growth of malignant cells, or to induce inflammation\u2014without necessarily causing DNA damage, long seen as the necessary . <\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The answer to &#8216;What is a carcinogen?&#8217; is changing&#8221; said <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/silentspring.org\/staff\/ruthann-rudel-ms\">Ruthann Rudel<\/a>, a toxicologist at the <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/silentspring.org\/\">Silent Spring Institute<\/a> who has published extensively on breast carcinogens. She detailed new techniques to <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6583811\/\">screen<\/a> breast cancer cells for changes in response to specific chemical exposures. <\/p>\n<p>The public health stakes for the field are high. <\/p>\n<p>Professor <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.proofpoint.com\/v2\/url?u=https-3A__www.uml.edu_research_lowell-2Dcenter_about_team_hoppin-2Dpolly.aspx&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&amp;r=Ng2iwDevJ40mgMpZZPbkIw&amp;m=qS4jZ1ijWAi9zM9acE2AnoZxZRawSO1gNWKNZO8hXYA&amp;s=SUva0ZOQ8wwWej1Y2CsmvDK3iSp3pwvrcckJ7fVys9I&amp;e=\">Polly Hoppin<\/a>, of the University of Massachusetts, Lowell, discussed cancer-causing industrial <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.proofpoint.com\/v2\/url?u=https-3A__www.atsdr.cdc.gov_sites_lejeune_tce-5Fpce.html&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&amp;r=Ng2iwDevJ40mgMpZZPbkIw&amp;m=yUiykj1cx-IxrosOA7OBCDhUrhTmbBOXRXNuGoW0sOg&amp;s=Bv7ePH1p-qFtv7TxTj6vrnCGoMZW4K9WKjmSjxqiy8w&amp;e=\">contamination<\/a> of drinking water at Camp Lejune, N.C., <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/health-shots\/2018\/03\/06\/583973428\/after-decades-of-air-pollution-a-louisiana-town-rebels-against-a-chemical-giant\">air pollution<\/a> in St. John the Baptist Parish, La., and potential exposures to carcinogens from fracking and planned <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.proofpoint.com\/v2\/url?u=https-3A__dced.pa.gov_key-2Dindustries_plastics_&amp;d=DwMFaQ&amp;c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&amp;r=Ng2iwDevJ40mgMpZZPbkIw&amp;m=yUiykj1cx-IxrosOA7OBCDhUrhTmbBOXRXNuGoW0sOg&amp;s=L1JSM26Y5WRD4YILryFjlEm1pM1vzlpLtxxJFemMDuU&amp;e=\">plastics<\/a> production in Pennsylvania. <\/p>\n<p>Hoppin reflected on the U.S. experience with tobacco cessation. Scientists knew that smoking causes cancer by the 1950s, she said. Implementing that knowledge required policy and incentives \u2014 like high cigarette taxes and public smoking bans \u2014 and took decades. <\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The science wasn&#8217;t enough,&#8221; Hoppin said. &#8220;How many lives could have been saved if we&#8217;d acted sooner?&#8221; <\/p>\n<p><em>Elaine Schattner is a physician in New York writing a book on cancer attitudes that will be published by Columbia University Press.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/\">Let&#8217;s block ads!<\/a><\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/blockads.fivefilters.org\/acceptable.html\">(Why?)<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19875","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19875"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19875\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19875"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19875"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/associatednews.info\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19875"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}