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Apple Nixes Headphone Jack In iPhone 7, Reveals Cordless AirPods

Apple CEO Tim Cook discusses the company’s new wireless AirPods headphones during an event in San Francisco on Wednesday in which Apple also presented the iPhone 7. Bloomberg via Getty Images hide caption

toggle caption Bloomberg via Getty Images

Apple had waited many years to send its very first tweet. It finally happened on Wednesday, with a release of a sponsored tweet, promoting the new iPhone 7: New cameras. Water-resistant. Stereo speakers. Longer battery life.”

Except — oops! — CEO Tim Cook had yet to announce the new version of the smartphone. When he finally did, he said, as always: “It’s the best iPhone that we have ever created.”

The long-running speculation about the new features on the phone proved largely true. The 7 and 7 Plus, for sale later this month, look very much like the 6 and 6 Plus, though ever-so-slightly lighter — and, yes, without a headphone jack.

“The reason to move on [is] courage,” said Apple’s Phil Schiller in revealing the change. “The courage to move on, do something new that betters all of us.”

Instead, new phones will come with special adapters that plug into the same port as a charging/data cord. But what Apple really wants you to do is buy its new $159 product: AirPods — wireless headphones that look like the buds of the regular Apple headphones but cordless — for an “effortless and magical listening experience,” as Cook put it.

Phil Schiller, Apple’s senior vice president of worldwide marketing, talks about the new iPhone 7 during an event to announce new products Wednesday in San Francisco. Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP hide caption

toggle caption Marcio Jose Sanchez/AP

The new iPhone is also water- and dust-resistant, has a new home button that doesn’t physically click, stereo speakers, a bit longer-lasting battery, a really fancy camera setup (with low-light capacity and color recognition, and better zoom on the two-camera 7 Plus) and new body options in matte black and “jet black.”

These changes may seem like a far cry from significant iPhone overhauls Apple had done in the past to encourage users to buy a new device every two years. Some observers had argued this is a sign of iPhone’s maturing as it approaches its 10th birthday.

But Forrester analyst Julie Ask argues the iPhone 7 will pick up momentum after a possibly lukewarm response. “Consumers underestimate the engineering feats that the iPhone 7 brings, like the audio, camera, processing power, etc. in such a small package,” she said in a statement.

Shipping in mid-September, the new phones are priced starting at $649 for the iPhone 7 and $769 for the iPhone 7 Plus, which has a bigger screen. They will also start with a higher memory capacity of 32 gigabytes, as Apple gets rid of the 16GB option.

In other releases, the company unveiled a “Series 2” of the Apple Watch that is waterproof and includes a GPS — an appeal to the workout market of runners/hikers/bikers/swimmers/surfers, where the watch has faced persistent competition from other wearables.

The watch also gets in on the Pokemon Go craze of the summer with a game adaptation specifically for the device.

But perhaps a bigger gaming piece of news came from Nintendo, which announced that Super Mario is finally coming to the app store.

Shigeru Miyamoto, known as the father of Mario, took the stage to announce a new game called “Super Mario Run,” which you can play on the phone with one hand — “while eating a hamburger or eating an apple,” as Miyamoto said.

Shares of Nintendo, which as The Verge points out “has been slow to bring its iconic characters and games to smartphones,” jumped on the news. Apple’s shares didn’t see major gains.

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Hawaii Fishermen Raise Concerns About Expansion Of National Monument

NPR’s Ari Shapiro speaks with Michael Goto, manager of the United Fishing Agency and a member of the Hawaii Longline Association, about how the expansion of the Papahanaumokuakea National Monument will affect his business and the economy of Hawaii.

Transcript

ARI SHAPIRO, HOST:

In Honolulu this week, President Obama talked about his decision to quadruple the size of a marine preserve off Hawaii’s coast that was first established under President George W. Bush.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)

BARACK OBAMA: This is an area twice the size of Texas that’s going to be protected and allows us to save and study the fragile ecosystem threatened by climate change.

SHAPIRO: Conservationists celebrated that move, and we heard from one of them on this program last week. Now we’re going to hear from someone who is concerned about this expansion. Michael Goto is in Hawaii’s fish auction business. He joins us via Skype. Welcome.

MICHAEL GOTO: Thank you for having me, Ari.

SHAPIRO: First, describe the role that fishing plays in Hawaii.

GOTO: Well, fish in the state of Hawaii is really a cultural staple that really traces back to our Asian heritage, back to Japan, about raw fish consumption, whether it was the original sashimi raw ahi consumption or the ever-growing and popular poke market coming out.

SHAPIRO: Poke, of course, is the dish of chopped fish tossed with soy sauce and other delicious things. How do you expect the expansion of this marine preserve to change local fishing practices?

GOTO: Well, it’s definitely going to restrict it even further than what it already is restricted. We are under very taut management regime for U.S. fisheries. And now to lose more fishing grounds, specifically U.S. fishing grounds, in our Hawaii exclusive economic zone is going to further push the fishing fleet out into the open ocean, to the high seas, to actually directly compete with foreign fisheries in the same area, so…

SHAPIRO: You refer to the Hawaii exclusive economic zone. This is an area that right now only American fishermen are allowed to fish that will now…

GOTO: Right.

SHAPIRO: …Be closed off to fishing. So you’re saying you’ll have to compete with foreign fishermen.

GOTO: Correct.

SHAPIRO: You also raise the concern that foreign fishermen will enter this preserve and illegally harvest fish because it’s just going to be too big to patrol.

GOTO: Well, it is a possibility, Ari. You know, it can be patrolled by the Coast Guard, by National Marine Fisheries Service enforcement, but basically the biggest watchdogs in the area were always the U.S. fishermen themselves. Without them now to really relay the information, there’s virtually no enforcement that could occur in an area for a majority of the year.

SHAPIRO: I’d like to play you something that marine biologist Douglas McCauley of UC Santa Barbara said on this program last week. Let’s listen.

(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED BROADCAST)

DOUGLAS MCCAULEY: In the long run, these are real assets for the fishing community. A protected area essentially sets up a safe zone for fish communities to expand, become more abundant, to grow and mature. And then there’s spillover outside of these protected areas that benefits everyone, benefits the fishermen that are catching fish just on the border of these zones.

SHAPIRO: So he’s arguing that this will be a good thing for fishermen. How do you respond to that?

GOTO: Well, you know, the science on specifically the bigeye tuna, you know, is still being discovered. You know, it’s still a virtual unknown where the breeding grounds are, where the spawning areas are for these fish. So to claim that this particular area is going to enhance breeding spots, you know, it’s still conjecture I think.

SHAPIRO: It seems like, ultimately, nobody wants fish populations to collapse. Fishermen and conservationists both want fish populations to expand. That would be good for everyone. Is this just a disagreement over the best way to reach those goals?

GOTO: Well, potentially, Ari. Fishery management is a very complex beast, and there’s a lot of different opinions on what the best practice is. Really, I think this is not a piece of that puzzle. I think this is more a legacy builder, unfortunately. Best available science and exploring all avenues – it really hasn’t taken place. And coming from the fishing community and the fishing industry, we feel really shortchanged due to that process.

SHAPIRO: I know President Obama is very popular in Hawaii. People there consider him a sort of native son. As you say, this is now part of his legacy. As somebody who doesn’t support this move, do you find yourself a bit conflicted?

GOTO: I do, Ari. And, you know, it’s actually even more personal for me specifically because on one hand, the president did appoint me to help manage U.S. fisheries. On the other hand, the entire process of the Antiquities Act deserves more time, more discussion – really have to engage the stakeholders directly rather than the stakeholders having to formulate their own coalition in itself to have their voice heard. And I think the more appreciation that the president could have of what the industry is and what it means to the community of Hawaii, you know, he’d have a – if anything, a much bigger understanding of that and kind of preserving it for the future.

SHAPIRO: Michael Goto is a manager of the United Fishing Agency and he’s a member of the Hawaii Longline Association. Thanks for joining us.

GOTO: Thank you, Ari.

Copyright © 2016 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.

NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.

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Organic Gatorade: It's Still Loaded With Sugar, Folks

Organic Gatorade? The artificial colors may be gone, but it’s still loaded with sugar. Gatorade hide caption

toggle caption Gatorade

Top brass at PepsiCo has talked for months about the introduction of an organic line. And now, according to Bloomberg, the company is rolling out G Organic — yep, an organic version of the famously technicolored sports drink Gatorade. (Think crimson red, electric blue and neon green shades.)

“Gatorade really dominates the [sports drink] market right now,” says Beth Bloom, senior food and drink analyst at the market research firm Mintel. Gatorade commands 77 percent of sports drink sales in the U.S.

“I think the [organic line] will broaden the appeal,” says Bloom. G Organic will be “one additional offering in their line that may [offer] a little bit of a better health profile.”

Bloom says health is definitely a driver in the purchase of organic products: “We’re seeing that about half of consumers who purchase organic products do so because they think they’re healthier than non-organic products.”

But is this new line of organic Gatorade really any better for you?

I put the question to Haemi Choi, a sports medicine doctor at Loyola University Medical Center.

She says some consumers like to see artificial colors and flavors removed from products. “It’s more natural,” Choi says. “But I don’t think it’s healthier per se. It’s pretty similar,” she says.

Take, for instance, the sugar content. Even though Gatorade seems to have switched to an organic cane sugar for its new organic line, Choi says that, nutritionally, this makes little difference. (We asked Gatorade to confirm the ingredient list of the new organic line, but did not hear back in time for press.)

Overall, Choi says the new organic line seems to contain about the same amount of sugar — about 20 grams per 12-ounce bottle.

At a time we’re told to cut back on sugar, she notes that many of us are already getting too much in our diet. “The average American consumes about 350 added calories from sugar [each day].”

For instance, women are told to limit consumption to somewhere between 25 and 37 grams of sugar per day, total. “So, drinking a bottle of [sports drink] is already getting you close to what you should get in one day,” Choi says.

Choi says unless you’re exercising vigorously for an hour or longer and sweating a lot, you don’t need to drink any kind of sports drinks — organic or not. If you’re out for a casual jog or bike ride, you don’t need electrolyte replacement, either.

So, what does Choi recommend for quenching thirst? “I say, drink water,” she says.

Lots of dieticians agree. “Sugar is sugar, so no matter if it’s organic or not, it’s still going to have the same effect on your body,” says Lisa Cimperman, a clinical dietician and spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

If you consume too much, it may have negative effects on your waistline and can increase blood-sugar levels. And as we’ve reported, excess sugar is also linked to a higher risk of heart disease.

Cimperman says the new organic label may lead consumers to think organic Gatorade is healthier for them. “I think it’s a marketing ploy to apply this organic health halo to this product,” Cimperman says.

And that halo will likely cost you more. Bloomberg reports that G Organic will cost about an extra 50 cents per 16.9 ounce bottle, compared to the non-organic options of the same size, such as Gatorade Thirst Quencher.

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Treasury Secretary Lew On Global Trade Deals And Corporate Taxation

U.S. Treasury Jack Lew says a better case needs to be made to U.S. workers who fear the effects of proposed trade deals with Asia and Europe. Fred Dufour/AFP/Getty Images hide caption

toggle caption Fred Dufour/AFP/Getty Images

Proposed trade deals with Asia and Europe have suffered setbacks recently. But Treasury Secretary Jack Lew says he isn’t ready to write off the Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.

In an interview with NPR’s Robert Siegel before Lew departs for a Group of 20 meeting in China, Lew acknowledged the anxiety among workers who have felt the impacts of the globalized economy but said the benefits of the trade deals need to be made “more clear.”

Lew also spoke about the U.S. budget deficit and the European Commission’s finding that Apple owes $14.5 billion in taxes to Ireland.

Robert Siegel: At this point, are the TPP and a proposed deal with Europe, the TTIP, dead?

Jack Lew: No, there’s a strong case for a good trade agreement, which TPP is, and we’re going to continue to press forward as the president has indicated. We’re going to continue to work with the Europeans. Whether we can finish it or not I can’t guarantee, but we’re gonna still try to get that done.

But on TPP, where you’ve lost Secretary Clinton as a supporter it seems, do you read the opposition to that as just an election-year kerfuffle, or is there something changing in the way Americans see trade agreements, and in the way Washington had better negotiate trade agreements?

I think that the benefits of market access for American workers are clear. I think what we need to be more clear at is how the benefits of trade agreements get to workers, how workers are equipped with the training they need to have the jobs in the new economy, how companies share the benefits of growth with workers. We have to make a stronger case, a better case, but the substance, the facts are clear.

I’m not hearing you feeling the tectonic plates about trade policy shifting in the United States. I hear you feeling things haven’t been presented exactly right, they could be sold better. I’m not hearing you detect some fundamental change on this issue.

Look, what I believe is that there’s a lot of anxiety and anger amongst working people around the world. It’s not just in the U.S. We’re seeing it in many, many parts of the world. I think that is a message to global financial policymakers that what we’ve been saying for a long time has to become central: That is how do we make sure that the benefits of a growing economy reach working people. It will not help working people to have a shrinking economy. Right now the United States economy would be doing better if global growth was stronger. That would mean more demand for U.S. goods and services. So we need a stronger global economy, but we also need to make sure the benefits are broadly shared.

What would you tell an American who’s anxious about the budget deficit and the debt and who sees the economy not strong enough for us to undertake either the spending cuts or the tax increases that might reduce the deficit and not strong enough to grow in a way that there’d be more revenues, and just watching the deficit grow?

People have to focus on not just the nominal number of what the size of the deficit is, but the deficit as a share of the economy. When we came into office, it was roughly 10 percent of GDP. It’s now under 3 percent of GDP. That is the most dramatic reduction in deficit in history. It’s comparable with the post-World War II reduction.

Isn’t that share moving up a little bit right now?

It has ticked up a little bit, but it’s in the zone of a sustainable level and when, if you asked me today what is the most pressing need, it is more important to invest more in infrastructure and training today to build the economic foundation for growth that will throw off more income and more revenue in the future, then to get an incremental amount of deficit and debt reduction over the next few years.

I want to ask you about Ireland, Apple and taxes. Why is the U.S. critical of the European Commission billing Apple for billions in taxes to pay Ireland? Aren’t they trying to cope with global tax evasion, something which we think is a problem that should be handled?

We have a shared view that companies should not be able to avoid taxation by shifting profits and by using loopholes in international tax laws. What’s not appropriate is for, in the name of state aid, Europe to be rewriting tax law retroactively, reaching into a tax base that properly should be a U.S. tax base, because it’s U.S. income, and doing it in a way that I think ultimately will hurt the business environment because it’s going to create uncertainty in Europe.

But in the case of Apple, it sounds odd. It sounds as if the U.S. is saying to Europe, how dare you do something about this, we’re busy not doing something about this. It’s our job not to do.

I think that the process of working tax reform through Congress typically takes many years. It’s not unusual for it to start in one administration and end in another. What’s not appropriate is for Europe to preempt the ability for the U.S. to address that, which is what I’ve said is a potential outcome of the European action.

Lew insists he’s optimistic about the economy, although he says policymakers should pay attention to the global economic debates that have been so heated this year. He says more attention should be paid to spreading the benefits of trade, not reducing it. And he paints a glowing picture of an economic future that he says is possible.

Lew: It will be a 21st century economy. It will have technology that’s is different. It will have trade practices that are different. But we can have high standards that protect workers’ rights, the environmental standards, good business practices and global markets that give U.S. workers and businesses the ability to get a fair share of the global markets. That’s what we’re fighting for.

That sounds like a beautiful world. That sounds a far cry from the anxiety you’ve described of working people from all around the world.

I don’t disagree that the anxiety is there, but I also take optimism from the fact that there are policies to address that and if you look for example at the TPP, there are labor provisions in the TPP that are already driving an improvement in labor standards in countries like Vietnam and Mexico, and it is already having an impact to level the playing field and improve the ability for U.S. competition. What we can’t do is pull away from the world.

But what are the chances of the TPP being approved in the lame duck session of Congress?

We are going to continue to press for it. We think the case is strong and the opportunity is there and we’re determined to get it done.

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European Commission Orders Apple To Pay $14.5 Billion In Taxes

European Union regulators on Tuesday said Apple must pay a tax bill of $14.5 billion on its European profits earned in Ireland. Lots of people are reacting, including the Irish finance minister, the White House and stock analysts.

Transcript

ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:

Apple is vowing to appeal the ruling by the European Union ordering the U.S. tech giant to pay more than $14 billion in back taxes. EU regulators announced the long awaited ruling earlier today, saying the tax arrangement between Apple and the Irish government is illegal and gives Apple an unfair advantage over its competitors. NPR’s Jim Zarroli reports.

JIM ZARROLI, BYLINE: EU officials say that for years Apple benefited from a complex agreement that essentially allowed it to escape paying taxes on many of the products it sold overseas. The sales were recorded by a pair of subsidiaries called Apple Sales International and Apple Operations Europe. The head office for these two entities was ostensibly in Ireland. Margrethe Vestager, the EU’s competition commissioner, spoke at a press conference today.

(SOUNDBITE OF PRESS CONFERENCE)

MARGRETHE VESTAGER: This so-called head office only existed on paper. It has no employees. It has no premises, and it has no real activities.

ZARROLI: Vestager says even though profits were recorded by these Irish subsidiaries, Ireland itself ruled that Apple didn’t have to pay taxes on them. Reuven Avi-Yonah is a professor of tax law at the University of Michigan. He says Ireland didn’t view the subsidiaries as legally Irish.

REUVEN AVI-YONAH: Well, the way the Irish let them record it is that it’s not, from an Irish perspective, treated as being in Ireland at all, and the result is that the tax rate on that is effectively zero.

ZARROLI: Ireland was foregoing billions of dollars in tax revenue. Avi-Yonah says that may have something to do with the fact that Apple is a big employer there. It has nearly 6,000 workers in the country.

Whatever the reason, Ireland has insisted it doesn’t want the money. Finance Minister Michael Noonan told CNBC his government would appeal the ruling, a process that could take years.

MICHAEL NOONAN: If they owe tax, they do not owe it to the Irish authorities. They may owe it elsewhere but not to the Irish authorities.

ZARROLI: Apple issued a statement. It said, we find ourselves in the unusual position of being ordered to pay additional taxes to a government that says we don’t owe any more than we’ve already paid.

As for the U.S. government, Treasury Department officials said retroactive tax assessments are unfair, contrary to well-established legal principles and call into question the tax rules of individual states. Jim Zarroli, NPR News, New York.

Copyright © 2016 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.

NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.

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FAA Expects 600,000 Commercial Drones In The Air Within A Year

Drones are flown at a training class in Las Vegas in anticipation of new regulations allowing their commercial use. Ethan Miller/Getty Images hide caption

toggle caption Ethan Miller/Getty Images

We are in “one of the most dramatic periods of change in the history of transportation,” says Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx.

He was talking about all of it: the self-driving cars, the smart-city movement, the maritime innovations. But the staggering prediction of the day goes to the drone industry:

The Federal Aviation Administration expects some 600,000 drones to be used commercially within a year.

For context, the FAA says that 20,000 drones are currently registered for commercial use. What’s expected to produce a 30-fold increase in a matter of months is a new rule that went into effect Monday and makes it easier to become a commercial drone operator.

“The FAA forecasts there could be as many as 600,000 unmanned aircraft used commercially during the first year after this rule is in place,” FAA Administrator Michael Huerta said in a press conference. “Drones are helping to create a whole new means of realizing the American dream,” he added later.

Broadly, the new rules change the process of becoming a commercial drone pilot: Instead of having to acquire a traditional pilot’s license and getting a special case-by-case permission from the regulators, drone operators now need to pass a new certification test and abide by various flying restrictions (and, well, be older than 16).

Huerta says more than 3,000 people preregistered to take the certification test Monday — the first day of the new regime.

The rest of the drone safety rules still apply: No flights beyond line-of-sight, over people, at night, above 400 feet in the air or faster than 100 miles an hour. Drones also can’t be heavier than 55 pounds, and all unmanned aircraft have to be registered. (Some locations, such as Washington, D.C., prohibit drones altogether.)

Businesses, however, may get special waivers to skip some of the restrictions if they can prove they can do so safely. Huerta said Monday that the FAA has approved almost 80 waiver applications; the vast majority sought permission to operate at night. CNN was one applicant that received permission to fly over people, Huerta said.

So far, the top uses of commercial drones have included aerial photography, real estate, various inspections, agriculture and filmmaking, according to an analysis by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International, the industry trade group. Foxx and Huerta also cited firefighting, search and rescue, conservation and academic research as potential beneficiaries.

The drone association expects the industry will create more than 100,000 jobs and generate more than $82 billion for the economy in the first 10 years of being integrated into the national airspace.

“If the federal government continues to embrace drone technology policy that balances safety and innovation, by 2025 our country will reach one million drone flights per day,” Douglas Johnson, vice president for technology policy at the Consumer Technology Association, said in a statement.

The FAA is also working on new rules that eventually will allow drone flights over people and beyond line of sight. Huerta said the FAA expects to propose rules on flights over people by the end of 2016. The agency will also be issuing new privacy guidance to local and state government, he said, and will include privacy education in the pilot certification process.

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German Official Says U.S.-Europe Trade Talks Have Collapsed, Blames Washington

Protesters demonstrate against the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership in Germany, in April. Officials conceded that opposition to trade agreements is building on both sides of the Atlantic. Markus Schreiber/AP hide caption

toggle caption Markus Schreiber/AP

Talks aimed at setting up a U.S.-European free trade zone have run aground because of intransigence on Washington’s part, a top German politician said Sunday.

“In my opinion the negotiations with the United States have de facto failed even though nobody is really admitting it,” said Sigmar Gabriel, German vice chancellor and economy minister, in an interview with the broadcaster ZDF on Sunday.

The Obama administration and the 28-member European Union have been in talks to set up the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, or TTIP, which would be the world’s largest free trade zone.

But negotiations have reportedly stalled because of the unexpected decision by Britain to leave the EU and because of growing public opposition to trade agreements on both sides of the Atlantic.

Gabriel said the U.S. and the EU haven’t agreed on a single item out of 27 chapters being discussed, despite 14 rounds of talks, and he said Washington was “angry” about a similar trade agreement struck between Canada and the EU. He said Europe “must not succumb to American demands.”

Neither the European Commission nor the U.S. Trade Representative’s office had any immediate response to the comments.

On the record, U.S. and European officials say they are continuing to move forward with talks and stress the importance of the TTIP to their economies.

“It’s our job to make sure that we adequately inform people about the facts of how TTIP will actually work for the people of Europe,” U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said at a press conference in Brussels last month.

“It will protect jobs, it will protect their regulatory rights, protect their abilities with respect to labour and the environment,” he said.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel said last month that the TTIP is “absolutely in Europe’s interest.”

“We are determined to continue these negotiations,” added EU Trade Commissioner Cecilia Malmström. “They are important for Europe, for our economy, for our jobs, for our business people, for our consumers, and it makes a lot of sense to do it even (without Britain).”

But behind the scenes, there have been signs of trouble in the talks.

Last month, Agence France-Presse quoted diplomats as saying that talks may be suspended until after the U.S. elections in November, as well as elections in France and Germany next year.

French Prime Minister Manuel Valls said TTIP would be “a breeding ground for populism.” And in the U.S., Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell has said, “By any objective analysis this is, shall I say, a down period for trade agreements around the world.”

Britain’s decision to leave the EU had only made the negotiations tougher, as The Economist recently reported:

“Though the Brexit vote was shaped by concerns about the free movement of labour, rather than of goods and services, the appetite for new trade deals was already weak.”

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Mother Calls EpiPen Price Hike 'A Matter Of Life And Death'

Lawmakers are demanding answers after the maker of an allergy treatment raised the price from about $100 per pack to about $600 per pack in seven years. Parents say they can’t afford it.

Transcript

MICHEL MARTIN, HOST:

You probably heard news this week about the rising cost of EpiPens. Those are devices people carry around to inject themselves with medicine to treat severe allergic reactions. The cost has risen from about $100 for a pack of two to about $600 – all that since 2009. Now, for many people, these are not optional. These are literally lifesavers. For some, like Jill Negro, a 38-year-old mother of two children who both have severe allergies, the price hike is causing financial strain and fear.

JILL NEGRO: Lately, with the most recent increase, it’s to the point that I honestly don’t know how we’re going to be able to continue to pay for them. You know, we make enough to pay our bills, and, honestly, it’s a matter of life and death for my children.

MARTIN: The price hike has now drawn the attention of lawmakers from both political parties, who are demanding answers from the maker of EpiPens, Mylan, about what’s behind the price hike. But we thought we’d ask NPR health correspondent Alison Kodjak about this. Welcome. Thanks for joining us.

ALISON KODJAK, BYLINE: Thanks for having me.

MARTIN: So is there any one factor behind the price hike? It’s my understanding that the medicine itself, epinephrine, is actually quite cheap, and the technology itself doesn’t seem to have changed so what’s behind this?

KODJAK: You know, there’s not one particular force other than that the company wants to raise the price. And, as a lot of people have told me, it’s kind of what the market will bear. There isn’t a good competitor, so Mylan can keep raising the price. And people are still going to buy these.

MARTIN: As this has gotten more public attention, and, as we said, lawmakers have gotten interested in this question, what’s the company’s response been?

KODJAK: They haven’t actually given an explanation as much as a response. And that response was we’re going to offer coupons to people whose insurance doesn’t fully cover these – up to $300 – in order to defray their costs, which is good, but it doesn’t actually reduce the overall cost in the market. So people are still, either through their insurance or some other way, spending a lot of money on these injectors.

MARTIN: You know, in the course of reporting this, we reached out to people who use EpiPens often, you know, parents and teachers, for example, to see how this is affecting them. Let me play another clip from that reporting. This is Lexi Henegar. She’s a mother of six, and two of her children have severe food allergies, and this was her question.

LEXI HENEGAR: Why are they considering a coupon rather than just cutting the price and making the price more reasonable, something that everyone can afford?

MARTIN: I guess the larger question would be who decides what the cost is?

KODJAK: Well, they decide what the cost is. And the reason they would go with the coupon, as opposed to overall cutting the price, is because the insurance companies will still have to pay the higher price for those people that they cover, who aren’t complaining, because they only have a $25 co-pay.

The only sort of regulation of the price is the negotiations between the insurer and the drug company. And the insurance companies certainly aren’t paying the full $600. We’re not quite sure how much they pay, but they’re paying a lot because this is the only game in town.

MARTIN: Why now?

KODJAK: Well, you know, there’s – it seems to be that people in the pharmaceutical industry have sort of caught on to the idea that they can raise prices and turn their companies into cash cows. This is not the only drug where they’ve looked around, realized there’s no competition, and said, look, if we charge a little more, people’ll still have to pay for it.

MARTIN: Before I let you go, I was wondering if there’s any international comparison that we could make here. I mean, pharmaceuticals are a worldwide industry. And I just wondered, is the United States unique in allowing the cost of medication to be so free-flowing?

KODJAK: The United States is very unusual. In most advanced economies, the government has at least some, if not the role in paying for pharmaceuticals and is allowed to bargain for them as either set prices or negotiate prices. The U.S., the government is also the major payer. Medicare pays for about 29 to 35 percent, depending on how you count it, of the prescription drugs out there. But the program is barred by law from negotiating prices.

MARTIN: That’s Alison Kodjak. She’s a health correspondent on NPR’s science desk. Alison, thanks so much for coming in.

KODJAK: Thanks so much for having me.

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Bolivian Miners Reportedly Kidnap, Kill High-Level Official Amid Strike

Smoke wafts over the highway linking the Bolivian capital of La Paz with the Chilean border during an ongoing clash between striking miners, who are blockading the road, and police. Aizar Raldes/AFP/Getty Images hide caption

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Striking miners in Bolivia kidnapped and beat to death the country’s deputy government minister after he traveled to the area to mediate in the bitter conflict over mining laws, officials said late Thursday.

Government Minister Carlos Romero called it a “cowardly and brutal killing” and asked that the miners turn over the body of deputy minister Rodolfo Illanes.

Earlier, Romero said that Illanes had been kidnapped and possibly tortured, but local media reports that he had been killed by the miners had not been confirmed.

But late Thursday Romero and Defense Minister Reymi said that the vice minister of government had been beaten to death by the miners, who are demanding more rights, including the right to associate with private companies.

Illanes had gone to Panduro — a town 80 miles south of the La Paz, where the strikers have blockaded a highway since Monday — to open a dialogue. Thousands of passengers and vehicles are stranded on roads blocked by the strikers.

The strike had turned violent recently, with two protesters being killed and riot police failing to clear a highway in a western part of the mining-dependent Andean nation.

Bolivia’s informal or artisan miners number about 100,000 and work in self-managed cooperatives. They want to be able to associate with private companies, which is currently prohibited. The government argues that if they associate with multinational companies they will cease to be cooperatives.

The National Federation of Mining Cooperatives of Bolivia, once strong allies of President Evo Morales, went on an indefinite protest after negotiations over the mining legislation failed.

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Latest Target In The Drug Price Wars? The Ubiquitous EpiPen

An aggressive marketing campaign has made the EpiPen the go-to drug for treating anaphylaxis. Mark Zaleski/AP hide caption

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EpiPens are in your friend’s purse and your kid’s backpack. The school nurse has a few, as does Grandma.

The medicine inside — epinephrine — has been around forever, and the handy gadget that injects it into your leg is not particularly new either.

So members of Congress, responding to their angry constituents, want to know why the price of the EpiPen, which can reverse a life-threatening allergic reaction, has risen about fivefold in the past decade.

The wholesale price of a single pen was about $47 in 2007, and it rose to $284 this summer, according to Richard Evans, a health care analyst at SSR. But consumers can no longer buy a single pen, so the retail price to fill a prescription today at Walgreens is about $633, according to GoodRX.

It’s the latest in a string of controversies over rising drug prices that have caught the attention of lawmakers on Capitol Hill. At least three senators have called for investigations into the price of the EpiPen, and Sens. Charles Grassley, R-Iowa, and Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., have sent letters to Mylan, the drug’s manufacturer, demanding an explanation for the increase.

Blumenthal went a step further. “I demand that Mylan take immediate action to lower the price of EpiPens for all Americans that rely on this product for their health and safety,” he wrote in a letter to the company.

Sen. Amy Klobuchar, D-Minn., has asked the Federal Trade Commission to investigate whether Mylan has violated antitrust laws in its marketing of the EpiPen.

And Hillary Clinton weighed in, calling the price increases “outrageous.”

“It’s wrong when drug companies put profits ahead of patients, raising prices without justifying the value behind them,” the Democratic presidential nominee said in a statement on her Facebook page.

Mylan spokeswoman Nina Devlin said in an email, “We have reached out to every member of Congress who has sent us a letter, and we look forward to meeting with them and responding to their questions as soon as possible.”

She did not immediately comment on Clinton’s statement.

The EpiPen is a long, plastic tube that automatically injects a dose of epinephrine — or adrenaline — into a person’s thigh to stop an allergic reaction. It’s easy to use and portable.

Mylan bought rights to the EpiPen in 2008 and launched an aggressive marketing and awareness campaign. That effort has made the so-called auto-injector a must-have for anyone with an allergy — perhaps to bee stings or tree nuts — that may trigger anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction in which the airwaves swell and close.

According to an account by Bloomberg Businessweek, the company considered selling off rights to the drug, which is an old product, but instead launched a campaign to boost sales. Revenue rose from $200 million to more than $1 billion a year.

The company itself touts its campaign “for increased anaphylaxis awareness” as what has helped drive prescriptions and sales of the device.

“Ensuring access to epinephrine — the only first-line treatment for anaphylaxis — is a core part of our mission,” Mylan said in a press release this week.

And certainly people with life-threatening allergies are better off with easy access to the drug.

But Mylan is better off too.

That’s because each EpiPen prescription creates a win-win sales cycle for Mylan.

An EpiPen prescription actually includes two injectors. The FDA in 2010 recommended that patients have access to two, in case the first doesn’t work, and Mylan complied by taking its single EpiPens off the market and offering them in two-packs.

But often one prescription is not enough. People want the pens at home, in their offices or schools, perhaps in the car. So they might buy three or more two-pen packs. Schools and businesses also often keep them on hand in case a student or customer has an unexpected reaction.

That’s a lot of EpiPens.

Plus, epinephrine has a short shelf life, so people have to replace their EpiPens each year, even if they’ve never used them.

That’s how the drug has become a cash cow for Mylan, which last year moved its headquarters from the U.S. to the Netherlands.

But consumers are fed up. Almost 90,000 people signed a petition to Congress asking for an investigation. About 40,000 of those signatures came in on Wednesday.

Mylan says it is working to keep the medication cheap for consumers, by offering $100 coupons to offset high insurance copayments. In a statement released Monday, the company said about 80 percent of patients with insurance get the EpiPen free.

The statement didn’t mention the retail price or the price increases at all. Instead, the company focused on insurance policies with high deductibles that shift costs to patients.

“We encourage all patients and families to thoroughly review and understand their healthcare insurance coverage,” the statement said.

EpiPen’s name recognition means doctors who want to prescribe adrenaline to an allergy-prone patient usually just turn to it. There is no specific EpiPen generic, so pharmacists can’t substitute a cheaper alternative.

But that alternative does exist. Another auto-injector known as Adrenaclick is available in generic form at Wal-Mart for $141, according to GoodRX.

It’s unclear how far the threats of a congressional investigation into the EpiPen will go.

But the prospect does present one awkward situation. The CEO of Mylan, Heather Bresch, is the daughter of Sen. Joe Manchin, D-W.Va. In the time that the price of the EpiPen has been skyrocketing, so has Bresch’s compensation. Last year, she earned about $18.2 million, according to the New York Times. That’s up from about $2.5 million in 2007.

In earlier investigations into drug prices, the chiefs of many companies have been grilled and lectured harshly by lawmakers. It’s unclear whether the angry senators will be as inclined to be as aggressive with the daughter of one of their colleagues.

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